Bi-prefix

In this case both the cation and the anion are complex. To indicate that there are two methykmine ligands in the cation we will use the bis- prefix. [Note that if we used the di- prefix we would have dimethylamine which could be readily construed as one (CH3)2NH ligand instead of two CH3NH2 ligands.] In the anion, the two aqua (water) ligands come alphabetically... 

Acid Anhydrides. Symmetrical anhydrides of monocarboxylic acids, when unsubstituted, are named by replacing the word acid by anhydride. Anhydrides of substituted monocarboxylic acids, if symmetrically substituted, are named by prefixing bis- to the name of the acid and replacing the word acid by anhydride. Mixed anhydrides are named by giving in alphabetical order the first part of the names of the two acids followed by the word anhydride, e.g., acetic propionic anhydride or acetic propanoic anhydride. Cyclic anhydrides of polycarboxylic acids, although possessing a... 

In the case of complex entities such as organic ligands (particularly if they are substituted) the multiplying prefixes bis-, tris-, tetrakis-, pentakis-,. . . are used, i.e.,-kis is added starting from tetra-. The modified entity is often placed within parentheses to avoid ambiguity. 

Multiplicative Prefixes. The multiplicative prefixes bis, tris, etc., are used with certain anions for indicating stoichiometric proportions when di, tri, etc., have been preempted to designate condensed anions for example, A1K(S04)2 I2H2O, aluminum potassium bis(sulfate) 12-water (recall that disulfate refers to the anion S20jfi. 

Carbonates are indexed in Chemicaly hstracts under carbonic acid, esters. Symmetrical diesters have the prefix di or bis. Unsymmetrical diesters are listed with the two radicals following each other. For example, ethyl phenyl carbonic diester is C2H OCOOC H. Table 6 Hsts commonly used carbonates, their Chemicaly hstracts Service Registry Number, and formulas. 

Two or more cyclic units linked by single or double bonds in such a way that no new rings are formed can be named by placing the appropriate multiplying prefix (bi-, ter-, quater-, etc.) before either the name of the cyclic unit or that of the corresponding radical. Locants before the name indicate the points of attachment (examples 67 and 68). 

Acyl CoA s, such as acetyl CoA, are the most common thioesters in nature. Coenzyme A, abbreviated CoA, is a thiol formed by a phosphoric anhydride linkage (0 = P—O—P=0) between phosphopantetheine and adenosine 3, 5 -bisphosphate. (The prefix "bis" means "two" and indicates that adenosine 3, 5 -bisphosphate has two phosphate groups, one on C3 and one on C5. ) Reaction of coenzyme A with an acyl phosphate or acyl adenylate... 

Step 3 of Figure 29.7 Phosphorylation Fructose 6-phosphate is converted in step 3 to fructose 1,6-bisphosphate (FBP) by a phosphofmctokinase-catalyzed reaction with ATP (recall that the prefix bis- means two). The mechanism is similar to that in step 1, with Mg2+ ion again required as cofactor. Interestingly, the product of step 2 is the tv anomer of fructose 6-phosphate, but it is the (3 anomer that is phos-phorylated in step 3, implying that the two anomers equilibrate rapidly through the open-chain form. The result of step 3 is a molecule ready to be split into the two three-carbon intermediates that will ultimately become two molecules of pyruvate. 

If the name of the ligand is itself complex (e.g., ethylenediamine), the number of such ligands is indicated by the prefixes bis, tris,.. . The name of the ligand is enclosed in parentheses ... 

To indicate the number of ligands of a particular type, the prefixes di, tri, tetra, and so on are used. If the name of the ligand contains one of these prefixes, the number of ligands is indicated by using the prefixes bis, tris, tetrakis, and so forth. For example, two ethylenediamine ligands would be indicated as bis(ethylenediamine) rather than diethylenediamine. 

The prefix bi- is used because it uses two platinum prongs rather than one platinum and a reference electrode, as in a normal method. 

Restricting ourselves to the rapid equilibrium approximation (as opposed to the steady-state approximation) and adopting the notation of Cleland [158 160], the most common enzyme-kinetic mechanisms are shown in Fig. 8. In multisubstrate reactions, the number of participating reactants in either direction is designated by the prefixes Uni, Bi, or Ter. As an example, consider the Random Bi Bi Mechanism, depicted in Fig. 8a. Following the derivation in Ref. [161], we assume that the overall reaction is described by vrbb = k+ [EAB — k EPQ. Using the conservation of total enzyme... 

Birge-Sponer extrapolation spect A method of calculating the dissociation limit of a diatomic molecule when the convergence limit cannot be observed directly, based on the assumption that vibrational energy levels converge to a limit for a finite value of the vibrational quantum number. bir-go spon-or ik Strap-3 la-sh3n ( bis- chem a prefix indicating doubled or twice. bis ... 

A system for describing kinetic mechanisms for enzyme-catalyzed reactions . Reactants (ie., substrates) are symbolized by the letters A, B, C, D, eto., whereas products are designated by P, Q, R, S, etc. Reaction schemes are also identified by the number of substrates and products utilized (i.e.. Uni (for one), Bi (two), Ter (three occasionally Tri), Quad (four), Quin (five), etc. Thus, a two-substrate, three-product enzyme-catalyzed reaction would be a Bi Ter system. In addition, reaction schemes are identified by the pattern of substrate addition to the enzyme s active site as well as the release of products. For a two-substrate, one-product scheme in which either substrate can bind to the free enzyme, the enzyme scheme is designated a random Bi Uni mechanism. If the substrates bind in a distinct order (note that, in such cases, A binds before B for ordered multiproduct release, P is released prior to Q, etc.), the scheme would be ordered Bi Uni. If the binding scheme is different than the release of product, then that information should also be provided for example, a two-substrate, two-product reaction in which the substrates bind to the enzyme in an ordered fashion whereas the products are released randomly would be designated ordered on, random off Bi Bi scheme. If one or more Theorell-Chance steps are present, that information is also given (e.g., ordered Bi Bi-(Theorell-Chance)), with the prefixes included if there is more than one Theorell-Chance step. 

The number of reactants partaking in an enzyme-catalyzed reaction. Because most enzyme reactions have an unequal number of substrates and products, one must specify the reactancy for a specified direction of the reaction. As an example, a multisubstrate reaction having two substrates and three products has a reactancy of two in the forward direction and three in the reverse direction. Cleland introduced the prefixes Uni , Bi , Ter , and Quad to indicate reactancies of one, two, three, and four, respectively. Thus, the example given above can be called a Bi Ter reaction. Water molecules and protons are not usually considered when specifying reactancy. 

Graft copolymers with known numbers of graft chains are named using numeric prefixes (mono, bis, tris, etc). 

Of the two kinds of numerical prefix (see Table 4.2), the simple di-, tri-, tetra-, etc. are generally recommended. The prefixes bis-, tris-, tetrakis-, etc. are to be used only with more complex expressions and to avoid ambiguity. They normally require parentheses around the name they qualify. The nesting order of enclosing marks is as cited on p. 13. There is normally no elision in instances such as tetraammine and the two adjacent letters a are pronounced separately. 

Basic multiplicative prefixes di-, tri-, tetra-, etc. are used with the names of simple substituents and retained names. Different or modified prefixes are used with complex substituents bis-, tris-, tetrakis- from tetrakis- onwards the ending -kis is attached to the basic multiplicative prefix, giving pentakis-, hexakis-, etc. (compare the use in coordination nomenclature). 

On to the other answer choices. If you know that the prefix bi- means two, as in bicycle, you will flag choice b as a possible answer. Make a check mark beside it, meaning good answer, I might use this one. ... 

The chemicals are listed in straight alphabetical order, letter by letter. Compounds consisting of two or more words are compiled as if they were a single word. Prefixes and numerals are disregarded in the alphabetizing. In cases were prefixes are an integral part of the chemical s name they are placed in normal alphabetical order (bis-, cyclo-, di-, iso-, neo-, tetra-, tri-). 

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