Beta process

Schols D, Proost P, Struyf S et al (1998) CD26-processed RANTES(3-68), but not intact RANTES, has potent anti-HIV-1 activity. Antiviral Res 39 175-187 Schonbeck U, Mach F, Libby P (1998) Generation of biologically active IL-1 beta by matrix metaUoproteinases a novel caspase-1-independent pathway of IL-1 beta processing. J Immunol 161 3340-3346... 

The master equation is solved numerically from which the mean-first passage time is extracted. Analysis of the mean-first passage time indicates that even a moderate increase in the critical number Nc of the beta process leads to entropic slowdown of the dynamics [96]. Furthermore, the fragility of the system is controlled by the ratio of the critical number Nc to total number Ap of beta process [96]. 

Hellsten E, Evans JP, Bernard DJ, Janne PA, Nussbaum RL (2001) Disrupted sperm function and fertihn beta processing in mice deficient in the inositol polyphosphate 5-phosphatase Inpp5b. Dev Biol 240 641-653... 

In accordance to the data reported in the literature for bulk hyperbranched polyesters [34,35], three relaxation processes are also observed in thin POHOAc films, (Fig. 23) the alpha relaxation process, representing the dynamic glass transition, the beta process, attributed to the relaxation of the ester groups, and the gamma relaxation process, originating from fluctuations of the —OH end groups. The latter two, which are broad and not well-separated from one another, are only distinguishable in the temperature representation of the dielectric spectra (inset, Fig. 23). 

The collapse occurs on the dynamical (free-fall) time scale tff 1/ /Up a fraction of second. Adiabaticity holds so the entropy per baryon s - S/kn const 1 and even can increase due to non-equilibrium beta-processes. Low specific entropy (compared to H-burning phase at the main sequence, s 10 — 15) prevents dissociation of nuclei until they touch each other at densities of the order of the nuclear density, pn 2 x 1014 g/cm3. The collapse stops (if the core mass is below some Mmax), and bounce of the shock occurs at 50 km from the center. 

Therefore, in glass formers, the spatial aspect of the dynamic heterogeneity of the alpha relaxation may be described as a consequence of a mobility contrast between an island of high mobility [65] (where local mobility persists even below Tg as described previously in characterizing the beta process cage-rattling motions)... 

Venkatakrishnan A, Stecenko AA, King G, Blackwell TR, Brigham KL, Christman JW, Blackwell TS. Exaggerated activation of nuclear factor-kappaB and altered DcappaB-beta processing in cystic fibrosis bronchial epithelial cells. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2000 23 396. 

Ti-1100 is a near-alpha alloy developed for elevated-temperature use up to 600 °C (1100 °F). It was developed to be used primarily in the beta-processed (beta-worked or beta-annealed) condition. Ti-1100 offers the highest combination of strength, creep resistance, fracture toughness, and stability of any commercially available titanium alloy. It is also recommended for castings. 

The alloy has only a sHght response to cooling rate or section size fi om the solution treatment (or processing) temperature. Very rapid quenches increase strength and decrease elevated-temperature creep resistance. Ti-1100 generally is used in the beta-processed or beta heat-lreated condition, but it is provided in an equiaxed alpha-beta condition for the product forms to enhance processibihty. 

Tb achieve desired elevated-temperature and creep performance characteristics, Ti-1100 is designed to be beta processed, creating a transformed, Widmanstatten a-type microstructure, with mini-... 

Alpha-beta processed disk forgings heat treated at 855 C (1575 °F), 4 h, AC+solution treated, 4 h, WQ, 620 C (1150 F). 8 h, AC. Source AerospaceStnjctufalM sHandbook, folH,Co6e2(724, Battelle Columbus Laboratories, 1976... 

Product Conditions. 62S is typically processed to plate or billet either in the P or a-p temperature fields. Beta processing is used to improve yield and reduce the cost of processing in cases where the P structure is acceptable such as industrial apphcations (in which the corrosion resistance ind low densily are the primary reasons for use) and automotive applications (in which improved creep strength may be used). Alpha-beta processing is used for apphcations such as armor for improved balhstic response. 

Alpha-beta processing results in a structure consisting of primary a with transformed p. The transformed P structure varies with the cooling rate. 

The electrical resistivity (R) of beta-processed material between 25 and 815 °C (77 and 1500 °F) has been determined to fit the expression ... 

Alloys were double melted as 35-kg (77-lb) ingots then beta-processed (forged and rolled above the p transus) to 1,2-cm (0.47-in.) diam rod and subsequently heat treated as indicated. 

Beta-processed plus annealed specimens were tested in both the T L and L-T directions at 25 C (77 °F) fl = 0.1 frequency, 20 Hz.Beta-processed plus annealed specimens were tested in both theT-Land L-T directions at 25 0 (77 °F) R=0.1 frequency, 20 Hz. 

G.W. Kuhlman, Beta Processed Ti-6-22-22S Aging Studies, Alcoa Report, Mar 1992... 

Young s modulus Conventionally processed Beta processed (a)... 

Beta processing improves fracture and crack growth resistance, and this study identified through-transus beta forging foliowed by a-P STAas the optimum TMP route. 

Beta-processed plate a-p solution treated and aged atS40 °C (1000 F=), 8 h. Time to 1/2 temperature refers to time from ST to 1/2 ST temperature. 

Beta-Processed TI-6-22-22S Smooth high-cycie fatigue Material... 

Low-cycle fatigue strength of beta processed Ti-5522-S depends on temperature, fi equency and the size of alpha platelets (see figure). 

Source D. Eyion, T. Bartel, and M. Ro blum, 1-ligh Temperature Low Cycle Fatigue in Beta Processed Ti-5AI-5Sn-2Zr-2Mo-02SSi, Met. 7/ans. A11A, August 1980, p 1361 ... 

---