Beta apo-8 -carotenal

Gradelet, S. et al., Beta-apo-8-carotenal, but not beta-carotene, is a strong inducer of liver cytochromes P4501A1 and 1A2 in rat, Xenobiotica, 26, 909, 1996. 

Mordi, RC, Walton, JC, Burton, GW, Hughes, L, Ingold, KU, Lindsay, DA, and Moffatt, DJ, 1993. Oxidative degradation of beta-carotene and beta-apo-8 -carotenal. Tetrahedron 49, 911-928. 

E 160f Ethyl ester of beta-apo-8 -carotenic acid (C30) 40825... 

Beta-apo-8-carotenal Not to exceed 15 mg/lb of solid or semisolid food or 15 mg/pint of liquid food El 60a 0-5... 

Annatto extract Beta-apo-8 -carotenal Beta-carotene Beet powder Canthaxanthin Caramel Carrot oil Cochineal extract (carmine)... 

E160 Carotenoids, Beta-apo-8 Carotenal 192 E304 Ascorbyl Palmitate 51... 

Gradelet S, Astorg P, Pineau T, Canivenc MC, Siess MH, et al. 1997. Ah receptor-dependent CYP1A induction by two carotenoids, canthaxanthin and beta-apo-8 -carotenal, with no affinity for the TCDD binding site.Biochem. Pharmacol. 54 307-15... 

MI Minguez-Mosquera, D Homero-Mendez, J Garrido-Fernandez. Detection of bixin, lycopene, canthaxanthin, and beta-apo-8 -carotenal in products derived from red pepper. J AOAC Int 78 491-496, 1995. 

Mordi, R.C. et al.. Oxidative degradation of beta-carotene and P-apo-8-carotenal,... 

The structures of four of the synthetic carotenoids (beta-carotene, canthaxanthin, beta-apo-8 -carotenol, beta-apo-8 -carotenoic acid) are shown in Fig. 8.2. By virtue of their conjugated double bond structure, they are susceptible to oxidation but formulations with antioxidants were developed to minimize oxidation. Carotenoids are classified as oil soluble but most foods require water soluble colorants thus three approaches were used to provide water dispersible preparations. These included formulation of colloidal suspensions, emulsification of oily solutions, and dispersion in suitable colloids. The Hoffman-LaRoche firm pioneered the development of synthetic carotenoid colorants and they obviously chose candidates with better technological properties. For example, the red canthaxanthin is similar in color to lycopene but much more stable. Carotenoid colorants are appropriate for a wide variety of foods.10 Regulations differ in other countries but the only synthetic carotenoids allowed in foods in the US are beta-carotene, canthaxanthin, and beta-8-carotenol. 

Wang, X. D. et al. (1991). Enzymatic conversion of beta-carotene into beta-apo-carotenals and retinoids by human, monkey, ferret and rat tissue. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 285(1) 8-16. 

Kopczynski, M., F. Ehlers, T. Lenzer, and K. Oum. 2007. Evidence for an intramolecular charge transfer state in 12 -apo-beta-caroten- l 2 -al and 8 -apo-beta-caroten-8 -al Influence of solvent polarity and temperature. J. Phys. Chem. A 111 5370-5381. 

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