Beryllium History

Kolanz, Marc. Beryllium History and Public Policy. Public Health Reports Quly 2008) 423 428. 

J. A. Hudbut, The History, Uses, Occurrence, Analytical Chemisty, and Biochemistry of Beryllium, KFP-2132, Dow Chemical U.S.A., Golden, Colo., 1974, pp. 3—9. (Available from National Technical Information Service, TID-4500-R62). 

Reagan MK, Volpe AM, Cashman KV (1992) and Th-series chronology of phonolite fractionation at Mount Erebus, Antartica. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 56 1401-1407 Reagan MK, Morris JD, Herrstrom EA, Murrell MT. (1994) Uranium series and beryllium isotope evidence for an extended history of subduction modification of the mantle below Nicaragua. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 58 4199-4212... 

Abstract. The observations of light elements (Lithium and Beryllium) in Globular Cluster (GC) stars are reviewed. Light element observations in GC are very powerful tracers of mixing processes in the stellar interior and shed new light on the GC formation history. 

Although a number of epidemiological studies have reported an increased risk of lung cancer among occupationally exposed beryllium workers, deficiencies in the studies limit any unequivocal conclusion. Specific criticisms concern the lack of consideration of latent effects, of smoking history, and of exposure to other potential carcinogens and the underestimation of expected lung cancer deaths in comparison populations. "... 

Beryllium-10, like 14C, 26Al, and 36C1, is used to infer the cosmic-ray exposure history of a meteorite or a planetary surface. 

This is what they thought at first. I m giving you a bit of history here. The reaction of beryllium-8 and helium-4 seemed too slow. There was one chance that the reaction speed could be boosted—if carbon-12 had a very special property an energy almost exactly equal to the combined energy of beryllium-8 and helium-4 at temperatures in a red giant. Chemists called this kind of facilitated nuclear reaction resonant. If by some miracle this were true, then the triple-alpha process could work. ... 

Uranium series and beryllium isotope evidence for an extended history of subduction modification of the mantle below Nicaragua. Geochim. Gosmochim. Acta 58, 4199-4212. 

Nishiiznmi K, Caffee MW, Jeannot J-P, Lavielle B, Honda M (1997a) A systematic study of the cosmic-ray-exposure history of iron meteorites Beryllium-10-chlorine-36 eryllium-10 terrestrial ages. Meteoritics Planet Sci 32 A100... 

Both Lithium-5 and Helium-5 have the impossible half-lives of 10 to the minus 21 seconds. Hence, in the primordial soup, the only way to get into something heavier than helium was to have a collision between a couple of the relatively scarcer heavy nuclei, or to have a three body collision. Both of these would be extremely rare events, statistically. And if a few got through, there was another forbidden barrier at mass 8, since Beryllium-8 has a half life of 10 to the minus 16 seconds. So everything had to wait for a few suns to burn down so that they could process enough helium into heavy atoms, to achieve some nuclear chemistry that was not allowed in the early history of the universe. 

The history of beryllium minerals goes far back into the past when such precious stones as beryls and emeralds were already known. 

In retrospect, we can easily understand this reactivity history. The initial ram dropping causes fuel to he renioved from the boron control vane shielding and placed into a more reactive configuration faster than removal of the fuel assent bly from the reflective upper beryllium plug decreases reactivity. It should also be emphasiz that with the safety... 

Newman LS, Kieiss K, King TE Jr., et al. Pathologic and immunologic alterations in early stages of beryllium disease. Re-examination of disease definition and natural history. Am Rev Respir Dis 1989 139(6) 1479 1486. 

Kolanz ME. Introduction to beryllium uses, regulatory history, and disease. Appl Occup Environ Hyg 2001 16(5) 559-567. 

Newman LS, Lloyd J, Daniloff E. The natural history of beryllium sensitization and chronic beryllium disease. Environ Health Perspect 1996 104(suppl 5) 937-943. 

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