Benzoic acid 73-75 butane

It IS hard to find a class of compounds in which the common names of its members have influenced organic nomenclature more than carboxylic acids Not only are the common names of carboxylic acids themselves abundant and widely used but the names of many other compounds are derived from them Benzene took its name from benzoic acid and propane from propionic acid not the other way around The name butane comes from butyric acid present m rancid butter The common names of most aldehydes are derived from the common names of carboxylic acids—valeraldehyde from valeric acid for exam pie Many carboxylic acids are better known by common names than by their systematic ones and the framers of the lUPAC rules have taken a liberal view toward accepting these common names as permissible alternatives to the systematic ones Table 19 1 lists both common and systematic names for a number of important carboxylic acids... 

Acetic acid (qv) can be produced synthetically (methanol carbonylation, acetaldehyde oxidation, butane/naphtha oxidation) or from natural sources (5). Oxygen is added to propylene to make acrolein, which is further oxidized to acryHc acid (see Acrylic acid and derivatives). An alternative method adds carbon monoxide and/or water to acetylene (6). Benzoic acid (qv) is made by oxidizing toluene in the presence of a cobalt catalyst (7). 

Oxidation catalysts are either metals that chemisorb oxygen readily, such as platinum or silver, or transition metal oxides that are able to give and take oxygen by reason of their having several possible oxidation states. Ethylene oxide is formed with silver, ammonia is oxidized with platinum, and silver or copper in the form of metal screens catalyze the oxidation of methanol to formaldehyde. Cobalt catalysis is used in the following oxidations butane to acetic acid and to butyl-hydroperoxide, cyclohexane to cyclohexylperoxide, acetaldehyde to acetic acid and toluene to benzoic acid. PdCh-CuCb is used for many liquid-phase oxidations and V9O5 combinations for many vapor-phase oxidations. 

A-Acetoxy-A-butoxybenzamides (101) react in aqueous acetonitrile by an autocat-alytic process. In the presence of added mineral acid, they undergo acid-catalysed AaiI solvolysis forming A-aroyl-A-butoxynitrenium ions (102), which are trapped by water. The hydroxamic acid product (103) reacted under the conditions to give a range of products that included, n-butanol, butanal, benzoic acids, benzohydroxamic acids and butyl benzoates (Scheme 18)92.93,95, ns, i56 ... 

Butyl benzoate. Use 30 g (0.246 mol) of benzoic acid, 37 g (46 ml, 0.5 mol) of butan-l-ol, 50 ml of sodium-dried toluene and 10g (5.4 ml) of concentrated sulphuric acid, and reflux the mixture for 12 hours. Work up the product as for propyl benzoate after the ether and toluene have been removed with the aid of a rotary evaporator, distil the residue under reduced pressure. The yield of butyl benzoate, b.p. 119-120 °C/11 mmHg, is 35 g (80%). 

Methyl-5-phenyl-pyrazol-l-yl)-benzoic Acid (27). A mixture of 4-hydrazino-benzoic acid hydrochloride (113 mg, 0.6 mmol) and morpholine-based resin (3) in MeOH (2 ml) was treated with 1-phenyl-butane-1,3-dione (81.5 mg, 0.5 mmol) and shaken for 2.5 h. The MeOH was allowed to evaporate under a stream of N2. DCM (4 ml) was then added to the reaction mixture followed by the addition of isocyanate resin (15) (350 mg). The resulting reaction mixture was shaken for 16 h at which time additional amounts of isocyanate resin (15) (120 mg) were added. The mixture was shaken for 4 h followed by filtration. The filtered resin was washed with DCM (2 x 1.5 ml). Upon concentration of the organic filtrate, clean product was obtained. MS 278.11 (M + 1). 

Figure 2 Selectivity at 30% conversion for the reactions indicated as a function ofD°H C-H(reactant) - D°HC-h or c-c (product). 1 ethylbenzene to styrene 2. 1-butene to 1, 3-butadiene 3. toluene to benzoic acid 4. acrolein to acrylic acid 5. ethane to enthylene 6. n-butane to maleic anhydride 7. benzene to phenol 8. toluene to benzaldehyde 9. propene to acrolein 10. 1-butene to 2-butanone 11. isobutene to isobutene 12. methanol to formaldehyde 13. methacrolein to methacyclin acid 14. propane to propene 15. ethanol to acetaldehyde 16. isobutene to methacrolein 17. n-butane to butene 18. benzene to maleic anhydride 19. propane to acrolein 20. methane to ethane 21. ethane to acetaldehyde, 22. isobutane to methacrylic acid 23. methane to formaldehyde 24. isobutane to methacrolein.

Oxidation ethylene, cumene, butane, toluene, xylene, ethylbenzene, acetaldehyde, cyclohexane, cyclohexene, n-paraffins, glucose vinyl acetate, phenol, acetone, methyl ethyl ketone, benzoic acid, phthalic acid, acetophenone, acetic acid, acetic anhydride cyclohexanol and cyclohexanone, adipic acid, sec-alcohols, glutonic acid... 

This whole-cell biotransformation is still a subject of research for several reasons Besides fhe desired product (1 )-PAC, several by-products are formed through enzymatic reduction of fhe product or fhe substrate benzaldehyde, resulting in the formation of l-phenylpropan-2,3-diol and benzylalcohol, respectively. Further byproducts are acetoin, butane-2,3-dione, l-phenyl-propane-2,3-dione, benzoic acid and 2-hydroxypropiophenone, leading to a reduced yield of the desired product and difficult product isolation. To circumvent fhis problem strain improvement and reaction engineering have been used [15, 16]. Application of an isolated enzyme in a two-phase system resulted in improved space-time yield and high product purity [17]. 

Amoxicillin Amyl Acetate Amyl Nitrite Ascorbic Acid Benzene Benzoic Acid Beta-Carotene Butane Butyl Acetate Butyl M.ercaptan Butylated Hydroxyanisole and Butylated Hydroxytoluene Caffeine... 

Phenylacetic acids have been prepared from 2,2-dichlorostyrenes by sequential hydroboration and oxidation (Cr03-H2S04) of the intermediate trialkyl borane, and benzoyl benzoic acids (8), not readily available by other routes, have been obtained" in good yield by treatment of phthalic anhydride with aryl-lithiums at — lOO C. Syntheses of some bicyclo [1,1,0] butane-l-carboxylic acids (9) and a range of cyclopropane-1-carboxylic acids [(10) and (II)] have been described. 1-Hydroxy-cyclopropanecarboxylic acids (13) have been prepared from the hydroxy-cyclobutanone derivatives (12), following bromination and hydrolysis. 

When the HADR was carried out as in the previously established conditions (Han et al. 2008) o-benzoquinone diimide 268 (1.0 equiv), butanal 253e (2.0 equiv), benzoic acid (10 mol%), and the catalyst a,a-diphenylprolinol 0-TMS ether 269 (10 mol%) in a mixture of MeCN and H2O (10 1) at room temperature, the reaction proceeded smoothly and the desired hemiaminal 270 was isolated as a... 

Tetrahydrofiirmi, 1,3-butadiene, CO2, CO, H2O, benzoic acid, terephthahc acid, terephthalic acid mono-3-butenyl, toluene, phenol, benzene CO, CO 2> butadiene, tetrahydrofriran, toluene, benzene, 1,5-hexadiene, dihydrofiiran, 4-vinyl cyclohexene, 1,4-butane (hoi, benzaldehyde, benzoic acid, terephthaldehydic acid, terephthahc acid, mono-3-butenyl terephthalate, cychc dimer, short chain fragments CO, CO2,1,9-decadiene, 1,10-decane diol, 1-decene-lO-ol, benzoic acid, terephthahc acid, mono-decenyl terephthalate Cychc ohgomets, CO, CO 2, acetaldehyde, 2-ethylacrolein CO2, H2O, butadiene, tetrahydrofriran... 

Tbngsten oxide mounted on ZrOz has acid sites as strong as //o= —14.52. The oxide shows activity for acylation of toluene with benzoic anhydride at 303 K, and butane skeletal isomerization to isobutane at 373 K. The maximum activity is obtained when the oxide is calcined at 1073- 1273... 

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