Belladonna, fruit

Atropa Belladonna Linn. Leaves, 0-4 roots, 0-5 seeds, 0-8 whole plant, 0-2 to 1-0 h5mscyamine with some hyoscine atropine has been found but may have resulted from racemisation during extraction apoatropine and possibly belladonnine (Kreitmair Atropa bcetica. Leaves, 0-82-1-06 roots, 0-94 fruit, 1-09 hyoscyamine and atropine. 

Apart from symptomatic, general measures (gastric lavage, cooling with ice water), therapy of severe atropine intoxication includes the administration of the indirect parasympathomimetic physostigmine (p. 102). The most common instances of atropine" intoxication are observed after ingestion of the berry-like fruits of belladonna (children) or intentional overdosage with tricyclic antidepressants in attempted suicide. 

IV. Baccate Fruits (Succulent fruits in which the endocarp is always succulent and the mesocarp sometimes).— The Berry is a small fleshy fruit with a thin membranous epicarp and a succulent interior in which the seeds are imbedded. Examples Capsicum, Tomato, Belladonna, Grape, Currant, etc. 

Pig. 102.—Baccate fruits, i, berry (uva) of Belladonna with adherent calyx 2, Pumpkin, cut transversely illustrating a pepo fruit (ft).alocule 3, hesperidium fruit of the Orange cut transversely showing epicarp (e), mesocarp (m), endocarp (en), pulp (p), and seed (s). 

Ber ry.—A fleshy fruit wlfbse mesocarp and endocarp are fleshy and frequently succulent throughout, and with seeds imbedded therein, as tomato, capsicum, belladonna, etc. 

A. belladonna Ly. esculentum hyoscyamine /solanine a) Vitali reaction and mydriasis in fruits but not in leaves and stems. a) 79... 

Ly. esculentum A. belladonna solanine/hyoscyamine a) Fruits mydriasis and Vitali reaction. Leaves and stem no reaction. b) Mydriasis. c) Alkaloids giving Vitali reaction. a) b) c) Alkaloids present. 79 72 80... 

The fresh leaves, with the branches to which they are attached, of Deadly Nightshade, Atropa Belladonna also the leaves separated from the branches, and carefully dried and finely powdered gathered from wild or, cultivated British plants when the fruit has begun to form. 

Angelica sinensis root Atropa belladonna leaf Camellia sinensis leaf, stem Citrus X aurantium fruit Coffea arabica roasted seed kernel Cola acuminata seed Cola nitida seed Digitalis purpurea leaf Digitalis lanata leaf... 

Large changes in the amounts of atropine [a mixture of (/ )- and (S)-hyoscyamine] present in Atropa belladonna occur diumally and seasonally (Waller and Nowacki, 1978). The amount of atropine in leaves is greatest at about 6 00 P.M., whereas the atropine concentration of the fruits peaks at about 4 00 p.m. The smallest amount of atropine in the leaves occurs at 10 00 a.m. (Waller and Nowacki, 1978). Although undifferentiated calli of this species do not produce hyoscyamine (18), production resumes when roots form on the callus. Thus, the accumulation of this alkaloid seems to be developmentally regulated. Root cultures of Hyocyamus niger also produce hyoscyamine (Flores et al., 1987). 

Figure 6.6a shows the diurnal variation in atropine content of Atropa belladonna (Fairbaim and Wassel, 1967) and there are two- to threefold changes in both the large leaf and the fruit. 

Atropa belladonna is a perennial herb that grows up to 1 m high with hlack fruit (a berry) native to central and southern Europe and Asia Minor now cultivated worldwide, including the United States, United Kingdom, China, and India. Parts used are the dried leaves (including flowering and fruiting tops) and roots. 

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