Behavioural science definition

For tire purjDoses of tliis review, a nanocrystal is defined as a crystalline solid, witli feature sizes less tlian 50 nm, recovered as a purified powder from a chemical syntliesis and subsequently dissolved as isolated particles in an appropriate solvent. In many ways, tliis definition shares many features witli tliat of colloids , defined broadly as a particle tliat has some linear dimension between 1 and 1000 nm [1] tire study of nanocrystals may be drought of as a new kind of colloid science [2]. Much of die early work on colloidal metal and semiconductor particles stemmed from die photophysics and applications to electrochemistry. (See, for example, die excellent review by Henglein [3].) However, the definition of a colloid does not include any specification of die internal stmcture of die particle. Therein lies die cmcial distinction in nanocrystals, die interior crystalline stmcture is of overwhelming importance. Nanocrystals must tmly be little solids (figure C2.17.1), widi internal stmctures equivalent (or nearly equivalent) to drat of bulk materials. This is a necessary condition if size-dependent studies of nanometre-sized objects are to offer any insight into die behaviour of bulk solids. 

The definition above is a particularly restrictive description of a nanocrystal, and necessarily limits die focus of diis brief review to studies of nanocrystals which are of relevance to chemical physics. Many nanoparticles, particularly oxides, prepared dirough die sol-gel niediod are not included in diis discussion as dieir internal stmcture is amorjihous and hydrated. Neverdieless, diey are important nanoniaterials several textbooks deal widi dieir syndiesis and properties [4, 5]. The material science community has also contributed to die general area of nanocrystals however, for most of dieir applications it is not necessary to prepare fully isolated nanocrystals widi well defined surface chemistry. A good discussion of die goals and progress can be found in references [6, 7, 8 and 9]. Finally, diere is a rich history in gas-phase chemical physics of die study of clusters and size-dependent evaluations of dieir behaviour. This topic is not addressed here, but covered instead in chapter C1.1, Clusters and nanoscale stmctures, in diis same volume. 

The Bronsted-Lowry definition of a base is an acceptor of protons. Pharmaceutical and biological sciences are concerned mainly with the behaviour of drugs in aqueous systems. Under these conditions, drugs will behave as bases only if they contain a nitrogen atom with a lone pair of electrons available for reaction with protons. The major class of compound to work in this way is the amines. An amine in aqueous solution will react with water to release hydroxide ions (OH-) as shown in equation (3.4). 

Braithwaite had a traditional view [23] and defined the function of science as follows to establish general laws covering the behaviour of the empirical events or objects with which the science in question is concerned, and thereby enable us to connect together our knowledge of the separately known events, and to make reliable predictions of events as yet unknown. Two aspects of this definition are important science explains and science predicts. No matter how... 

Notwithstanding the continuing debate over the very existence of a true yield stress, the concept of an apparent yield stress has been found to be an extremely useful empiricism in many areas of science and engineering [Hartnett and Hu, 1989] (see also Chapter 1). A recent comprehensive review [Barnes, 1999] has critically assessed the various issues raised in the definition, measurement and application of apparent yield stress behaviour. 

Indeed, traffic behaviour is also more than just adaptation to risks. People have many motivations in traffic, in addition to the basic one of reaching their destination in the desired time. Thereby, the concept of behavioural adaptation should be broader than just a risk-based concept. It should encompass the whole phenomenon, including its varied and disparate motivators, just as the definition of behavioural adaptation in natural sciences An adaptation is any trait that changes to better suit the organism for its environment. Adaptations are genetically based and can be passed on from generation to generation. Behavioural adaptations are those adaptations that have a behavioural component to them (eHow, 2011). 

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