Behaviour political

The problems posed by polymers in the environment are not solely, or even mainly, technical. Instead, they concern both politics and the behaviour of individuals within society. Litter, for example, is a social problem if specific individuals did not choose selfishly to discard their rubbish where they stood in the street, at the picnic site, or on the beach, there would be no litter. However, people do not behave for the common good but, sadly, generally favour the selfish option and such antisocial behaviour must be taken account of in any scheme for reducing the impact of polymers on the environment. 

Reactive behaviour may take the form of cynicism, or you may have a chronic chip on your shoulder... You may hold conspiracy theories about people in power or subscribe to a political or religious philosophy that reacts against injustice or evil. (pp. 18-19)... 

The need to resolve conflicts of Interest is the prime source of all political behaviour. The issue for a manager is to assess whether his or her purposes and those of others are legitimate. Are they narrowly self-seeking or do they serve wider corporate go s ... 

Lists of political games, such as that in Box 6.1, do, however, provide a source of ammunition for those who like to disparage managerial behaviour and what they perceive to be sectional and self-serving purposes. But all these so-called games can often have a very different Interpretation placed on them. 

Figure 6.1 Descriptive model of political behaviour. From Baddeley James 1987) by permission of Sage Publications...

Next there is the manager who epitomizes the kind of behaviour that has given organizational politics a bad name. These managers are the clever foxes . They are highly politically aware, but use their awareness to fulfil the needs of their ego - for example, to dominate others, to win, to be seen as successful, to expand their empire . 

So far we have looked at political behaviour from a somewhat rational perspective. You make a choice about the kind of stance you wish to adopt clever-wise, binary or ternary, enlightened self-interest, read or remain innocent. 

For example, Dave Horton notes how the lifestyles of green activists challenge conventional norms of behaviour and can thus be seen as a form of political action, not merely an expression of private preference (Horton, 2002). 

There are further groups who are less frequently interested in tourist behaviour. For example, if tourists are creating certain kinds of impacts (maybe positive ones such as economic impacts, or even negative sociocultural and environmental impacts), the local community and then the media may find tourist behaviour noteworthy. In turn political comment... 

The market incentives behind such change in behaviour and political interest in the chemical industry and beyond were succinctly summarised by the director of the Czech Business Council for Sustainable in an interview in 1997 ... 

Schneider Anne and Helen Ingram (1990) Behavioural Assumptions of Policy Tools , The Journal of Politics 52(2) 510-529. 

Marx s political writings are suggestive, often brilliant, although methodologically ambiguous, hovering between the intentional and the functional modes of explanation. 1 shall briefly consider four questions the logic of collective action, the theory of coalition formation, the explanation of state behaviour and the theory of international politics. With the exception of the last topic, these issues are all discussed more extensively in later chapters. 

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