Behaviour drug-induced

Auditory hallucinations consist typically of voices making derogatory personal statements may also occur. They are frightening and may prompt aggressive and violent behaviour (O Brien Woody, 1994). The hallucinations in these drug-induced states in chronic users occur in an otherwise clear consciousness, but similar hallucinations occur in the delirium which may follow acute intoxication with these drugs or in their withdrawal reactions. 

Therapeutic effects derive from the impact of the drug-induced state on behavioural and emotional problems... 

Kelly PH (1977) Drug-induced motor behaviour. In Iversen LL, Iversen SD, Snyder SH (Eds), Handbook of Psychopharmacology, Vol. 8, pp. 295-331. Plenum Press, New York. 

Ljungberg T, Ungerstedt U (1977) Different behavioural patterns induced by apomorphine evidence that the method of administration determines the behavioural response to the drug. Eur J Pharmacol 46 41-50. 

Bond AJ. Drug-induced behavioural disinhibition. CNS Drugs 1998 9 41-57. 

Cone, E. J., Testing Human Hair for Drugs of Abuse. I. Individual Dose and Time Profiles of Morphine and Codeine in Plasma, Saliva, Urine, and Beard Compared to Drug-Induced Effects on Pupils and Behaviour, /. Anal. Toxicol., 14,1,1990. 

Bond, A.J. (1998) Drug-induced behavioural disinhibition. Incidence, mechanisms, and therapeutic implications. CNS Drugs, 9, 41—57. 

Corne, S. J. and Pickering, R. W. (1967) A possible correlation between drug-induced hallucinations in man and a behavioural response in mice. Psychopharmacologia (Berl.) 11, 65-78. 

As shown in Table 7 the behavioural experiments can be divided into four main types, (a) simple behaviour and activity, (b) learning paradigms, (c) complex behaviour and (d) drug-induced behaviour. 

There have been some studies attempting to link normal or drug-induced behaviour with brain neurochemistry. As yet these studies (Memo et al., 1980a Rafales et al., 1981) have largely failed to relate behavioural changes to altered neurochemistry, although one report (Lucchi etal., 1981) has made limited correlation. 

These data were obtained by comparing the time of appearance of the initial drug-induced seizures during the simultaneous recording of slow potentials from different sites of the brain. Behavioural and electrographic seizures may occur independently in time. In the study of the anticonvulsive effect of drugs, particular attention should be paid to electrical seizure discharges in the brain for this phenomenon is closely related to status epilepticus. 

Rifkin, A., Quitkin, F. and Klein, D. F. (1975) Akinesia. A poorly recognised, drug induced extrapyramidal behavioural disorder. Arch, gen. Psychiat., 32, 672. 

All such animal procedures suffer from the obvious and basic problem that laboratory animals do not behave like humans and that humans cannot reliably interpret their reactions and behaviour. Thus we know that Parkinson s disease is caused by a degeneration of the dopaminergic nigrostriatal tract but its lesion in animals does not produce any condition which resembles human Parkinsonism, except in primates, even though there are functional tests (e.g. rotational movements) which readily establish that loss of dopamine function and also respond to its augmentation (Chapter 15). By contrast, there are many ways, e.g. electrical stimulation and the administration of certain chemicals, to induce convulsions in animals and a number of effective antiepileptic drugs have been introduced as a result of their ability to control such activity. Indeed there are some tests, as well as animals with varied spontaneous seizures, that are even predictive of particular forms of epilepsy. But then convulsions are a very basic form of activity common to most species and epileptic seizures that are characterised by behavioural rather than motor symptoms are more difficult to reproduce in animals. 

Various animals show spontaneous epilepsy or seizures that can be readily induced by sensory stimulation (see Jobe et al. 1991). Tottering mice display seizures that resemble absence attacks behaviourally, in their EEG pattern and response to drugs. DBA/2 mice show reflex seizures to audiogenic stimuli while photically-induced seizures can be obtained in the Senegalese baboon, Papiopapio, which are similar to generalised tonic-clonic epilepsy. 

It has been known for many years that antimuscarinic drugs like hyoscine, which enter the brain, cause amnesia when used clinically, e.g. pre-operatively, to reduce bronchial secretions. In experimental studies in both humans and animals they disrupt both the acquisition and the performance of learned behaviour. Anti-cholinestrase drugs have the opposite effect. It is by no means certain, however, that the memory defects induced by antimuscarinics are identical to those seen in AzD. 

Table 19.2 Environmental stimuli that induce changes in behaviour which are prevented by anti-anxiety drugs...

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