Behavioral adaptations

Cold Habitats. Because of considerations of surface area relative to body mass, animals that live in cold habitats tend to have larger body sizes and smaller extremities (especially ears and legs) compared to their counterparts in warmer habitats. Animals that live in cold habitats also have a greater amount of insulation, such as fat, fur, or feathers. Behavioral adaptations include gathering in groups, which effectively decreases the exposed surface area of each individual. 

CRH (Corticotropin releasing hormone) is expressed in the nucleus paraventricularis of the hypothalamus and drives the stress hormone system by activating synthesis and release of corticotropin at the pituitary and in turn corticosteroid from the adrenal cortex. CRH is also expressed at many other brain locations not involved in neuroendocrine regulation, e.g. the prefrontal cortex and the amygdala. Preclinical studies have shown that CRH also coordinates the behavioral adaptation to stress (e.g. anxiety, loss of appetite, decreased sleepiness, autonomic changes, loss of libido). 

Figure 6.5. 5 0 of tooth enamel phosphate versus body size (log scale) for Kenyan fauna analyzed in this study. With the exception of the dikdik, there is a general association between the two variables. In contrast to tbe body-size model (Bryant and Froelicb 1995) wbicb predicts a range of values close to l%o, however, the measured range in 8 0 values for species averages is 5%a. This and the anomalous values for the dikdik reflect physiological and behavioral adaptations by these desert adapted species. 

Fig. 5.7 (A) TEM micrograph of silica-alginate-Co hybrid nanocomposites and (B) corresponding Zero Field Cool-Field Cool (ZFC/FC) susceptibility curves (H = 500 0e) indicating superparamagnetic behavior (Adapted from [34]).

Figure 5.20 Square-pyramidal copper(II) peroxo complex exhibiting reversible oxygena-tion/deoxygenation behavior. (Adapted from references 47 and 41a.)...

Olson, D. M., Takasu, K. and Lewis, W. J. 2005. Food needs of adult parasitoids Behavioral adaptations and consequences. In Plant-Provided Food for Carnivorous Insects A Protective Mutualism and Its Applications (Wackers, F. L., van Rijn, P. C. J. and Bruin, J., eds), pp. 137-147. Cambridge Cambridge University Press. 

According to prevailing concepts, stress is being experienced when an individual is confronted with a situation that is appraised as personally threatening and for which adequate coping resources are unavailable (Lazarus, 1985). Biological stress reactions are particularly elicited during novel, uncertain, and unpredictable situations (Mason, 1968). These concepts emphasize that individual perception and behavioral adaptations to an event are critical to the experience of stress. In addition, physical stimuli, such as injury. 

Table IV gives a few examples of terpenes shown to be Insect deterrents. As with the previous examples of Insect attractants In Tables II and III, the structural diversity of the deterrent compounds Is remarkable. There are no clear and logical structure-activity relationships among the compounds with these behavioral effects. Specialised and unique effects and behavioral adaptations are thus the rule In Interactions between species rather than the exception.

This different effect on acute and chronic aversions increases the behavioral adaptation to the changing environmental conditions. 

Elution profile of a mixture containing solutes of different molar masses and the variables used to describe solute and matrix behavior (adapted from Ladisch, 2001). 

Fig. 14 a, b. Power and temperature dependence of a the visible cooperative luminescence b the NIR downconversion luminescence in 10% Yb + Cs3Lu2Br9 excited at 10,591 cm plotted on linear axes. These data show distinct hystereses, the properties of which are temperature dependent. Inset 10 K laser transmission, which also shows hysteresis behavior. Adapted from [62]... 

Wig NN Indian concepts of mental health and their impact on care of the mentally ill. International Journal of Mental Health 18 71-80,1989 Wolffers I Traditional practitioners behavioral adaptations to changing patients demands in Sri Lanka. Soc Sci Med 29 1111-1119,1989 Yamahara J, Kobayashi M, Matsuda H Anticholinergic action of Swertia japonica and an active constituent. J Ethnopharmacol 33 31-35,1991... 

Two factors are most commonly associated with the development of pesticide resistance in arthropods enhanced metabolic detoxification and/or decreased target site sensitivity. Other factors that sometimes come into play are reduction in the rate at which a toxicant is absorbed into the body, or in the rate at which it is translocated to the site of action. In rare cases, there may be behavioral adaptations which allow the arthropod to minimize contact with the toxicant (25-22.) ... 

Renthal W et al (2007) Histone deacetylase 5 epigenetically controls behavioral adaptations to chronic emotional stimuli. Neuron 56(3) 517-529... 

When activated by environmental stimuli, this pathway helps to make behavior adaptive and goal directed. 

Fig. 15.3. Relation of state occupation, schematically shown at constant energy, to the lifetime distribution for RRKM theory and other situations. Dashed lines in the lifetime distributions indicate RRKM behavior. Adapted from Ref. [56].

The ability to use N2 as a growth substrate is restricted to a relatively small group of microorganisms. Open ocean ecosystems that are chronically depleted in fixed nitrogen would appear to be ideal habitats for the proliferation of N2-fixing microorganisms. However, the enzyme that is required for reduction of N2 to NH4 is also inhibited by O2, so specialized structural, molecular, and behavioral adaptations have evolved to promote oceanic N2 fixation. 

Walker G (1935) The central nervous system of Oniscus (Isopoda). J Comp Neurol 62 197-237 Warburg MR (1968) Behavioral adaptations of terrestrial isopods. Am Zool 8 545-559 Wetzer R (2002) Mitochondrial genes and isopod phylogeny (Peracarida Isopoda). J Crust Biol... 

Hazlett BA (1988) Behavioural plasticity as an adaptation to a variable environment. In Chelazzi G, Vannini M (eds) Behavioral adaptation to intertidal life. Plenum, New York, pp 317-332... 

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