Before the Word

Demonstrations of the dual nature of lichens led by Simon Schwendener and Anton de Bary in the 1860s provided the exemplar for how an organism could be created by the establishment of an intimate physiological relationship between two dissimilar organisms (Sapp 1994). Watase also pointed to papers suggesting that chloroplasts of plants similarly arose as symbionts, 

The symbiotic nature of chloroplasts was suggested by de Bary s former student Andreas Schimper (1883, 1885) at the University of Bonn when he demonstrated that these cell organs arose only by division of pre-existing bodies of the same kind. Schimper (1883, pp. 112-113) first suggested they might be symbionts in the very paper in which he coined the term chloroplast  

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Peroxides. Compounds of the type R—O—OH are named (1) by placing the name of the radical R before the word hydroperoxide or (2) by use of the prefix hydroperoxy- when another parent name has higher priority. For example, C2H5OOH is ethyl hydroperoxide. 

Sulfoxides. Sulfoxides, R — SO—R, are named by placing the names of the radicals in alphabetical order before the word sulfoxide. Alternatively, the less senior radical is named followed by sulfinyl- and concluded by the name of the senior group. For example, CH3CH2—SO—CH2CH2CH3 is named either ethyl propyl sulfoxide or l-(ethylsulfinyl)propane. 

This paper discusses the various names that were given to potassium nitrate in Arabic, and the equivalent words that were used in Latin. In investigating this subject the following question was posed what were the names of potassium nitrate in Arabic before the word barud became common Because the term barud was applied in Arabic to potassium nitrate in the thirteenth century, some historians of science and technology assumed that familiarity with potassium nitrate in Arabic chemistry and alchemy dates from the thirteenth century only"... 

A few thousand years before the word biotechnology was coined, vinegar had been obtained from the bacterial oxidation of the ethanol contained in natural products like wine, cider, or malt. A pure dilute solution of acetic acid can also be made by the same method when aqueous ethanol is the starting material. The net reaction is represented by ... 

The is is the number that usually follows or is just before the word is in the question. 

L. J. Henderson was a physician who wrote [H ] = /C0[acid]/[salt] in a physiology article in 1908, a year before the word buffer" and the concept of pH were invented by the biochemist S. R L Sorensen. Henderson s contribution was the approximation of setting [acid] equal to the concentration of HA placed in solution and [salt] equal to the concentration of A placed in solution. In 1916. K. A. Hasselbalch wrote what we call the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation in a biochemical journal.8... 

Ethers are formed from condensation reactions (result in the formation of water) between two alcohols. The main function of ethers is their use as solvents. Ethers are named by placing the names of the two R groups (R and R ) before the word ether. The R groups should be listed in alphabetical order if they are two different groups. 

If the positions of fatty acids on the TAG molecule are known, the sn system is preferred for identifying their locations sn immediately before the word glycerol, asinl-stearoyl-2-oleoyl-3-myristoyl-sn-glycerol, identifies the respective fatty acids in the 1, 2, and 3 positions the term rac (racemic mixture), as in rac-StOM, identifies the middle acid in the 2-glycerol position and the remaining fatty acids are equally divided between the sn-1 and sn-1 positions and the term 3, as in 3-StOM, identifies the middle acid in the 2-glycerol position, but distribution of the other two acids is unknown.33 Despite international efforts to standardize chemical terminology and abbreviations, a variety is still used, especially in cis and trans notations. 

When the last part of a unit of measure is a word that is not itself a unit of measure, use either a slash (/) or the word per before the word that is not a unit. 

Long before the word chiral was in common use, they had taken the giant step from chirality to prochirality. As Ogston [26] has noted, it is interesting that they have there all the essentials of prochirality and I am sure would have got on to the later aspects of three-point attachment only the question had not then been asked, isotopic marking not then being available. ... 

Name hydrates with a prefix from Table 6.1 before the word hydrate, to indicate the number of water molecules. For example, CUSO4 5H2O is named copper(ll) sulfate pentahydrate. (Section 6.4)... 

If two or more identical substituents are bonded to the longest chain, use prefixes to indicate how many di- for two groups, tii- for three groups, tetra- for four groups, and so forth. The preceding molecule has two methyl substituents, and so its name contains the prefix di- before the word methyl d/methyl. 

Although the coining of the term metabolomics has been relatively new, an explosion of publications has occurred in this field plus a realization that many researchers already were doing similar studies, albeit without an -omic tag before the word. It has not been possible to review all the applications of metabolomics fully, and the applications will increase. In addition to the development of new applications, the development of the analytical approaches will also take center stage as researchers push back the limits of detection of NMR spectroscopy, mass spectrometry, and other analytical approaches. In addition to these wet lab developments, both the pattern recognition approaches used to process metabolomics and the metabolomic databases used to identify metabolites need to be developed or expanded. In this respect, an excellent place to start on the arduous journey to biomarker discovery through metabolomics is the current metabolomic databases found on the web that make standard spectra freely available (68-70). 

The nomenclature follows two principles (7.) the ending ol is added to the name of the paraffin hydrocarbon (e. g. methanol), or (2.) the name of the corresponding alkyl group is placed before the word alcohol (e.g. methyl alcohol). 

Naturally I say my speech without stammer or pause, unlike those who stutter, stammer, or, worst of all, forget. This is before the word beautiful exists in people s vocabulary, but Oh, isn t she the cutest thing frequently floats my way. And got so much sense they gratefully add. .. for which thoughtful addition I thank them to this day. 

R") before the word ether. The R groups should be listed in alphabetical order if they are two different groups. 

When naming the secondary and tertiary amines, the smaller group is written first and the other groups are added before the word -amine . If the groups are the same, the di- or tri- prefixes are used. In common nomenclature we use the locant N to designate substituents attached to a nitrogen atom. 

Hand out Record Sheet 9-A. Tell students to fold back the second column and write Red Cabbage Juice" before the word Test" at the top of the first column. 

Solution Amines are named by specifying the various substituents on nitrogen as prefixes before the word amine, with the name written as one continuous word. Amine salts where there is a hydrogen bonded to the nitrogen are named similarly except the suffix is now "ammonium" with the anion being listed as a separate word. 

Ethers with simple substituents such as methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, and phenyl are known by their common names. The common name is obtained by placing the names of the substituents before the word ether. For example, compounds I and III in Problem 13.22 are diethyl ether and ethyl phenyl ether, respectively. 

Before the word proteomics appeared, the use of 2DE for studying growth factors mechanism of action was initiated with pheochromocytoma PC 12 cells (Hondermarck et al, 1994). In these cells, early protein synthesis induced by the differentiating activity of NGF and FGF-2 has been compared to the mitogenic activity of epidermal growth factor (EGF) using... 

The R" class is defined by inserting the name of the monomer(s) before the word rubber from which it was prepared (except for natural rubber). The letter immediately preceding the letter R signifies the diolefin fi om which the rubber (elastomer) was prepared - except for natural rubber. Any letter(s) preceding the diolefin letter signifies the comonomer(s). Commonly encountered members of this class are -... 

Line 14 from top—insert tbe word the, before the word three. 

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