Batteries future direction

W. B6hnstedt, a review of future directions in automotive battery separators. Journal of Power Sources 133 (2004) 59-66. 

The purpose of this chapter is to provide a detailed review of separators used in Li-Ion battery applications and their chemical, mechanical, and electrochemical properties. The separator requirements, properties, and characterization techniques are also described with respect to Li-Ion batteries. Despite the widespread use of separators, a great need still exists for improving the performance, increasing its life, and reducing cost. In the following Sections an attempt is made to discuss key issues in various separators with the hope of bringing into focus present and future directions of research and development in separator technologies. 

Polybasic carboxylic hydroxy and amino acid aided synthetic routes directed towards obtaining mixed inorganic materials, especially for battery and fuel cell applications, are overviewed. It has been shown that, in spite of enormous number of papers on the subject, significant efforts should be undertaken in order to understand the basic principles of these routes. Possible influence of the structure of reactants employed in the process (acids, poly hydroxy alcohols, metal salts) is put forward, and some directions of future work in the field are outlined. 

The new cars on the road in the future are likely to be a mix of vehicles including those with electric/ hybrid drive. This would include battery EVs, hybrids with direct-injection diesels, turbo generators and fuel cells. 

Electricity can be used as a transportation fuel to power battery electric and fuel cell vehicles. Electric fuel is electricity that is used to directly power the vehicle. In a sustainable energy future, electricity will become the prime energy carrier. We now have to focus our research on electricity storage, electric cars and the modernization of the existing electricity irrfrastractrrre. 

As more bioassays for assessment of the liquid (porewater, elutriate) and solid (whole sediment) compartments of sediments reach standardization, future investigations will, however, have to determine their performance and adequacy. While the present battery employed in the work presented herein is undeniably useful, it may yet be optimized with other liquid-phase tests and likely be supplemented with direct-contact bioassays capable of estimating the toxic potential of contaminants more closely bound to sediments. 

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