Batch degradation

Figure 4.9. Product deterioration according to technicians A (left) and B (right) using the same analytical method. Technician A s results are worthless when it comes to judging the product s stability and setting a limit on shelf life. The bold circles indicates the batch 1 result obtained by technician B this turns out to be close to the linear regression established for batch 2, suggesting that the two batches degraded at the same rate.

Ruberg, S. J., Pooling Data for Stability Studies Testing the Equality of Batch Degradation Slopes, Biometrics 47, September 1991, 1059-1069. 

Table 3. In order to test the hypothesis that heterogeneous catalyst is better than the homogeneous one, beeause the former allows improving the control over iron ions during the Fenton ehemistry, several consecutive degradations were performed with a fixed amount of eatalyst. Figure 19 shows the time needed for four consecutive batch degradations of 100 ml 50 mM Na2S04 (pH 2.8) + 0.06 mM RB5 + 10.7 mM H2O2 (twice of the stoiehiometrie amount required) + 0.1 g eatalyst Cl. At the end of each discoloration the solution was allowed to settle down into the reaetor and the solution was withdrawn carefully. Then, a fresh solution (100 ml 50 mM Na2S04 + 0.06 mM RB5 + 10.7 mM H2O2) was reloaded over the previous 0.1 g eatalyst Cl to start a new RB5 discoloration. The process was repeated three times.

Ruberg,S., and Stegeman, J. W. (1991), Pooling data for stability studies Testing the equality of batch degradation slopes, Biometrics, 47,1059-1069. 

Figure 13.1. Fraction of CD remaining over time in batch degradation experiments for P-CD under two different current densities.

Batch Degradation Study of TCE Batch experiments were conducted in 42-mL total volume semm-seal glass vials using two pieces of chitosan-embedded Ni/ Fe nanoparticle membranes with an initial TCE concentration of lOmg/L. The metal loading and Ni/Fe ratio for each of the membrane was determined by atomic adsorption (AA) analysis (metal loading = 5.20 mg, Ni/Fe ratio = ). Initial and final pH of the... 

Batch Degradation of TCE The results of the batch degradation experiments by chitosan-embedded Ni/Fe nanopaiticles in Figure 8.10 show the simultaneous dechlorination of TCE and formation of ethane as the main product, consistent with the results obtained in the reported literature using colloidal bimetallic Ni/Fe nanoparticles (Schrick et al., 2004 Tee et al., 2005) and different systems of membrane-embedded Ni/Fe nanoparticles (Meyer et al., 2004 Xu et al., 2005). 

The sweet water from continuous and batch autoclave processes for splitting fats contains tittle or no mineral acids and salts and requires very tittle in the way of purification, as compared to spent lye from kettle soapmaking (9). The sweet water should be processed promptly after splitting to avoid degradation and loss of glycerol by fermentation. Any fatty acids that rise to the top of the sweet water are skimmed. A small amount of alkali is added to precipitate the dissolved fatty acids and neutralize the liquor. The alkaline liquor is then filtered and evaporated to an 88% cmde glycerol. Sweet water from modem noncatalytic, continuous hydrolysis may be evaporated to ca 88% without chemical treatment. 

Pan. Indirect type, batch operation Atmospheric or vacuum. Suitable for small batches. Easily cleaned. Solvents can be recovered. Material agitated while dried See comments under Liquids See comments under Liquids See comments under Liquids Suitable for small batches. Easily cleaned. Material is agitated during drying, causing some degradation Not applicable Not appbcable Not appbcable... 

In a resin plant, solvents were directed from storage tanks to a blender by means of solvent charging manifold. Because of the poor panel layout and labeling of the charging manifold, a worker made connections that pumped solvent to blender 21A instead of 12A as directed by the instructions. An earlier error had left the valve open from the charging manifold to blender 21A and hence the misdirected solvent degraded a batch already in the blender (this example will be analyzed in more detail in Chapter 7). 

They claim that in substantially all of the prior art processes, the operation is really a modified batch process in that high hold-up vessel-type nitrators are employed. Moreover, extensive circulation, recirculation, and a relatively long residence time of the reaction mixt in the nitrating zone are characteristics of a majority of the previously proposed methods, and such features are inherently undesirable because they favor degradative side reactions, which occur at all stages of the nitration of toluene to trinitrotoluene, and particularly in the final stage. ... 

A study of the degradation of butyltins in activated sludge batch reactors in the laboratory (Stasinakis et al.,... 

This comprehensive article supplies details of a new catalytic process for the degradation of municipal waste plastics in a glass reactor. The degradation of plastics was carried out at atmospheric pressure and 410 degrees C in batch and continuous feed operation. The waste plastics and simulated mixed plastics are composed of polyethylene, polypropylene, polystyrene, polyvinyl chloride, acrylonitrile butadiene styrene, and polyethylene terephthalate. In the study, the degradation rate and yield of fuel oil recovery promoted by the use of silica alumina catalysts are compared with the non-catalytic thermal degradation. 9 refs. lAPAN... 

CREAM.dat A batch of cream containing two drug substances was put on stability and tested for at f = 0, 3, 7, and 24 months. Active component 1 remains stable, while AC2 degrades so fast that a shelf-life of only 26 months can be demonstrated for SL = 90%. Use with SHELFLIFE. 

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