Basin water monitoring

The basin water chemistry was analysed using the following instruments  

Mass Mettler electronic balance, made in Switzerland  

Y activity Low background coaxial HPGe spectrometer, made in the USA relative efficiency 30%, 70 keV to 2.7 MeV, background 1.9 counts/s. 

P activity Low background P spectrometer, FH1914, made in China detection efficienqr 26%,background 1.1-1.5 counts/min. a activity Parallel-plate barrier chamber a spectrometer, made in China detection effidency 45%, 4-6 MeV, background 13 counts/h. 

---

As part of EPA s National Runoff Program in Fresno, California, the soil water and groundwater at depths 26 m beneath five urban runoff retention/recharge basins were monitored during a 2-year study (Nightingale 1987). The results indicated that there were no significant downward movements of nickel with the recharge water. 

Bode H. and Nusch E.A., 1999. Advanced river quality monitoring in the Ruhr basin, Water... 

The pitting rate equation discussed in this chapter, although not accurate, gives a reasonable evaluation of the aggressiveness of the water quahty in fuel storage basins. It has been used to monitor the basin water cleanup activities at SRS, and improvements in water chemistry have been verified by corrosion coupon tests. Additional work is needed to improve this correlation. 

Radionuclide activity in the basin water. Radionuclide activity in the basin water (leached from the spent fuel) should be monitored and controlled to levels deemed to be safe for personnel working in the surrounding area. Continuous deionization of the water removes a and p-y radioactivity from the water. Fission products such as Cs and other radionuclides may be found in the water where failed spent fuel elements or cladding breached fuels are stored. Spedal materials such as zeolite can be used in ion exchange type purification systems to specifically remove these radionuclides. 

Water sampling plan Maintaining water purity levels as recommended here is vital for successful operation of a wet fuel storage fadhty. Basin water quality is monitored through sampling. All the major water parameters, such as pH,... 

Basin water chemistry and radioactivity monitoring showed that the basin water of the CIAE research reactor is quite good. The main parameters having a significant effect on corrosion attack are as follows ... 

The first rack (rack 1) was immersed in the storage fuel bay in November 1996. Before its immersion, weekly monitoring of basin water chemistry had been started. The water samples were measured/analysed for their pH, conductivity, temperature and content of anions such as chloride, sulphate, nitrates and nitrite. The following analytical instruments were used to carry out these measurements ... 

The other area of ecological diagnostic interests is the water, water basins and ice condition monitoring. 

From the technical and practical points of view, the efficient monitoring of rivers and water basins is a very difficult problem. This is due to the fact, that it is necessary not only to carry out a big number of water condition parameters measurements, but to follow the physical-chemical changes going on in the water as well. Such changes have a strong influence on the future state of the water basins. 

It should be specially pointed out, that modem equipment for remote acoustics sounding gives the possibility to solve the most part of issues related to the water basin and river bottoms monitoring. 

Wastewater from seven WWTPs, located in the main cities in the Ebro river basin (Pamplona, Logrono, Miranda de Ebro, Zaragoza, Tudela, Lleida, Tortosa), as well as the receiving river waters downstream the plants were monitored for the presence... 

Fig. 5 Concentrations of drugs of abuse and metabolites determined in (a) wastewater effluents and (b) river water downstream of the WWTP monitored in the Ebro river basin N/A Values not availabe, not measured...

The EC (pS cm-1) and the TDS (mg L ) both reflect the water ionic content, i.e. the dissolved load also called water salinity. The EC, easily obtained compared to chemical data, is thus widely documented in the CHEBRO database (n = 2,860 versus 999 complete major element analyses). These two parameters (EC and TDS) are linked by a linear relation TDS (mg L ) = b EC (pS cm-1), with a mean b factor 0.54 < b < 0.96 according to water types and range of salinity [21, 22], The linear relations between TDS and EC were calculated for each monitoring station, b factor ranging from 0.713 (Arga) and 0.86 (Aragon), whereas the Ebro River stations present less variability (0.774—0.798) with R2 always better than 0.72, all the relations are summarised in Table 1. These relations are very similar to that defined for the whole Ebro basin with b = 0.81 [23]. 

Fig. 5 Total concentrations of pharmaceuticals in the 15 river waters analyzed within the last monitoring program (from June 2006 until July 2008). Sites are ordered from north to south along the basin...

---