Basic Principles and Illustrations

Bouroushian, Electrochemistry of Metal Chalcogenides, Monographs in Electrochemistry, DOI 10.1007/978-3-642-03967-6 3, 

The electrochemical preparation of metal chalcogenide compounds has been demonstrated by numerous research groups and reviewed in a number of publications [ 1-3]. For the most part, the methods that have been used comprise (a) cathodic co-reduction of the metal ion and a chalcogen oxoanion in aqueous solution onto an inert substrate (b) cathodic deposition from a solvent containing metal ions and the chalcogen in elemental form (the chalcogens are not soluble in water under normal conditions, so these reactions are carried out in non-aqueous solvents) (c) anodic oxidation of the parent metal in a chalconide-containing aqueous electrolyte. 

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Zacca, J.J. Debling, J.A. Ray, W.H. Reactor residence time distribution effects on the multistage polymerization of olefins. I. Basic principles and illustrative examples, polypropylene. Chem. Eng. Sci. 1996, 51 (21), 4859-4886. 

We ll begin our discussion of component kits with an example to illustrate the basic principles and later show how they apply to larger-scale (and more business-oriented) components. These examples use various kinds of connectors between component instantiations, coupling service requirement points (ports) in one to service provision points... 

Basic principles and applications of time-resolved fluorescence spectroscopy have been outlined in a very illustrative way by Valeur [16]. Although punctiform spectroscopy is still the best way to get a detailed knowledge of all the important parameters that characterize fluorescence emission (exact spectral properties, decay time behavior, polarization), imaging is always preferred whenever the localization of the distribution of any biomolecule of interest is required or a great number of samples have to be analyzed [22]. 

It is hoped that the illustrative examples presented here will serve to crystallize the basic principles and will motivate the readers to apply exergy efficiency analysis and exergy accounting — taking advantage of these methods for their own practical purposes, while also advancing the state of the art. 

Obviously, it makes little sense to review the enormous variety of isotherms that can be conceived on the basis of the multitude of combinations of the above assumptions. Most of these isotherms have limited applicability. Rather, a number of basic principles and a few illustrative elaborations will be given. Following the trends set out before (chapters 1.3 and 1), we shall often employ statistical thermodynamical procedures to elaborate models. 

Ionic monolayers can be, and have also been, analyzed theoretically either with advanced lattice theories or with Monte Carlo or molecular dynamics simulation. Basic principles and some illustrations of monolayer compositions have already been discussed in sec. 3.5. The step from Langmuir to Gibbs monolayers is theoretically realized through the choice of the adsoption energy. As before, the selection of the various parameters (x -interaction parameters in lattice theories, constants in the Lennard-Jones, interactions in MD, etc.) and approximations (choice of lattice, accounting for stereoisomery, or extent of truncation, respectively) remain a central issue. In view of the growing power of computers, increasingly better results may be expected in the near future. 

For you to learn how to appreciate and treat the problems that will arise in our modern technology, especially in the technology of the future, it is necessary to learn certain basic principles and practice their application. This text describes the principles of making material and energy balances and illustrates their application in a wide variety of ways. 

In this review we have attempted to give a concise account of the basic principles and applications of nuclear electron double resonance, or as it is sometimes called the nuclear electron Overhauser effect. We have also tried to illustrate to the non-specialist the progress that has been made in this subject and indicate what remains to be done. 

Polymerization reactors are a specific kind of chemical reactors in which polymerization reactions take place therefore, in principle, they can be analyzed following the same general rules applicable to any other chemical reactor. The basic components of a mathematical model for a chemical reactor are a reactor model and rate expressions for the chemical species that participate in the reactions. If the system is homogeneous (only one phase), these two basic components are pretty much what is needed on the other hand, for heterogeneous systems formed by several phases (emulsion or suspension polymerizations, systems with gaseous monomers, slurry reactors or fluidized bed reactors with solid catalysts, etc.), additional transport and/or thermodynamic models may be necessary to build a realistic mathematical representation of the system. In this section, to illustrate the basic principles and components needed, we restrict ourselves to the simplest case, that of homogeneous reactors in other sections, additional components and more complex cases are discussed. 

The basic principle is illustrated with the following example. This considers a specific repo, that is, one in which the collateral supplied is specified as a particular stock, as opposed to a general collateral (GC) trade in which a basket of collateral can be supplied, of any particular issue, as long as it is of the required type and credit quality. 

This extremely high stability can be transferred to tunable lasers by a special frequency-offset locking technique [221]. Its basic principle is illustrated in Fig. 2.20. A reference laser is frequency stabilized onto the Lamb dip of a molecular transition at coq. The output from a second, more powerful laser at the frequency (D is mixed in detector D1 with the output from the reference laser at the frequency coq- An electronic device compares the difference frequency coq — co with the frequency co of a stable but tunable RF oscillator, and controls the piezo P2 such that a>o — CO = co dt all times. The frequency co of the powerful laser is therefore always locked to the offset frequency co = coo — co which can be controlled by tuning the RF frequency co. ... 

The Rabi technique of radio frequency or microwave spectroscopy in atomic or molecular beams [10.14-10.17] has made outstanding contributions to the accurate determination of ground state parameters, such as the hfs splittings in atoms and molecules, small Coriolis splitting in rotating and vibrating molecules, or the narrow rotational structures of weakly bound van der Waals complexes [10.18]. Its basic principle is illustrated in Fig. 10.9. A collimated beam of molecules with a permanent dipole moment is deflected in a static... 

Gordis, Leon. Epidemiology. 4th ed. Philadelphia Saunders Elsevier, 2009. Presents basic principles and important concepts with generous use of illustrations and examples. 

PI AS is an acronym for Photocounting Image Aquisation System. Its basic principle is illustrated in Fig. 4.123. The photons from a light source fall onto the photocathode of an image intensifier where they release electrons which are amplified in a multichannel canal plate (MCP) and are imaged onto a position sensitive detector. A computer software analyses the data and gives the measured spectrum or the spatial variation of the intensity from extended sources [284, 285]. 

Catalytic oxidation processes are usually connected with transfer of electrons and changes of structure and valence state of active catalyst components. This chapter presents methods that are especially suitable for monitoring these kinds of changes (UV-vis-DRS, EPR, X-ray scattering, XPS, XAS, TPO, TPR, TPRS, TAP and SSITKA). After a short section on basic principles and experimental details, the potential of each technique is illustrated by selected application examples that include a wide variety of oxidation catalysts such as mixed metal oxides and oxynitrides, zeolites containing transition metal ions, heteropoly acids and supported noble metals. 

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