Barrier islands

Corbett, DR, Dillon K, Burnett W (2000a) Tracing groundwater flow on a barrier island in the northeast Gulf of Mexico. Estuar Coast Shelf Sci 51 227-242... 

The second National Bio-containment Lab is at the University of Texas Medical Branch on Galveston Island. This is a barrier island in the Gulf of Mexico, actually outside the Intra-coastal Waterway that can experience serious weather during hurricane season. In Hurricane Rita during September of 2005, Alison McCook writing in The Scientist... 

Lagoonal Of lagoons, which are semi-isolated bodies of seawater trapped between coral reefs and volcanic islands or between the mainland and barrier islands. Seawater in lagoons tends to be hypersaline. 

A typical barrier-island system can be divided into three depositional environments (barrier beach, lagoonal/bay, and tidal channel -delta complex) each of which contains a number of smaller subenvironments (2). This work focused on a typical bay-fill sequence in which bay sediments are overlain by tidal flat deposits... 

Leatherman, S.P. Barrier Island Handbook University of Maryland, 1982 p 109. 

Near-surface seawater is typically supersaturated by over six times with respect to calcite, and over four times with respect to aragonite (see Chapter 4). When it flows over shallow areas of the world s oceans, its chemistry can be modified by several different processes. The extent of modification is strongly dependent on the residence time of the water over the shallow areas. Morphologic controls on flow, such as embayments, barrier islands, and reefs, can often lead to significant restriction of the flow of seawater. In areas where these restrictions occur, major changes in the chemistry of the seawater are usually observed. 

Bar-built estuaries inland shallow bodies of water that usually run parallel to the coast and are isolated from the sea by a barrier island where one or more small inlets allow for connection with the ocean—also called coastal lagoon estuaries. 

Leaky lagoon systems with many inlets separated by small barrier islands. 

Washover fan a fan-like deposit of sand washed over a barrier island during a storm. Weathering physical breakdown of rocks from exposure to the elements of rain, wind, and ice. 

Kraft, J.C., Allen, E.A., Belknap, D.F., John, C.J., and Maurmeyer, E.M. (1979) Processes and morphologic evolution of an estuarine and coastal barrier system. In Barrier Islands from the Gulf of St. Lawrence to the Gulf of Mexico (Leatherman, S.P., ed.), pp. 149-183, Academic Press, New York. 

Sometimes semi-enclosed coastal water bodies are situated between a mouth reach of the river and open nearshore zone [20]. These intermediate parts of the river mouth areas can be presented as narrow sea bays, lagoons, limans, and estuaries. These coastal water bodies are often separated from the open nearshore by coastal bars, spits, barrier islands, etc. and connected with it through relatively narrow outlets. These semi-enclosed coastal water bodies are characterized by active interaction and mixing of river and seawater. 

Kaufinan, Z. G., Lively, J. S., and Carpenter, E. J. (1983). Uptake of nitrogenous nutrients by phytoplankton in a barrier island estuary Great South Bay, New York. Estuar. Coast. Shelf Sci. 17, 483-493. 

Measurements were taken at a mainland tidal creek, mid-lagoon shoals, at Hog Island (a back barrier island) and Willis Wharf in Virginia Experiments were conducted in October 1998, and May, July, and August 1999. 

Osgood, D. T., and Zietnan,. C. (1998). The influence of subsurface hydrology on nutrient supply and smooth cordgrass Spartina alternijlora) production in a developing barrier island marsh. Estuaries 21(4B), 767-783. 

Tyler, A. C., and Zieman, J. C. (1999). Patterns of development in the creekbank region of a barrier island Spartina alternijlora marsh. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 180, 161—170. 

Goodman, J. L., Moore, K. A., and Dennison, W. C. (1995). Photosynthetic responses of eelgrass (Zostera marina L.) to hght and sediment sulfide in a shallow barrier island lagoon. Aquat. Bot. 50, 37-47. 

Some shores are bordered by barrier islands, exposed sandbars that run parallel to the shore. Worldwide, about 13 percent of the coasts have barrier islands. These protective, sandy walls form in one of three ways. Some are the result of sediment deposits just offshore, like the islands off the coasts of Alabama and Mississippi. Others were ancient sand dunes that formed on the extended beaches of the last ice age. When glaciers melted and sea levels rose, these dunes were surrounded by water. Most of the islands off the coast of the southeastern United States, including the Outer Banks of North Carolina and Georgia s Tybee Island, formed in this way. Another type, called a sea island, was actually part of the mainland that remained exposed when the sea level rose. Sea islands, like Cumberland and Hilton Head off the coast of Georgia, are not as sandy as dunelike barrier islands. 

R.P. Courtemanche, M.W. Hester, and LA. Mendelssohn, Recovery of a Louisiana Barrier Island Marsh Plant Community Following Extensive Hurricane-induced Overwash, J. Coastal Res. 15(4), 872-883, Fall (1999). G. Singh, H. Singh, and P.P. Bhojvaid, Amelioration of Sodic Soils by Trees for Wheat and Oat Production, Land Degrad. Devel. 9(5), 453 62, Sept.-Oct. (1998). 

The sandstones of Unit B were deposited in a fluvial-deltaic environment or, more precisely, in the coastal barrier islands and the delta mouths. 

Near shore, the interaction between the ocean and coastal rivers results in the formation of fresh-salt water interfaces, known as estuaries. Depending on coastal geology, they can assume various forms, such as fjords, drowned river valleys, or bar-built estuaries, characterized by barrier islands. Tidal effects, storms, and the mixing, or lack thereof, of salt water and freshwater strongly influence the biology... 

Field, M.E., and Duane, D.B. 1976. Post-Plesitocene history of the United States inner continental shelf Significance to origin of Barrier islands. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 87 691-702. 

Glaeser, J.D. 1978. Global distribution of barrier islands in terms of tectonic setting. Journal of Geology, 86 283-297. 

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