Barrel burning

A cane factory generates its own requirements for energy, from burning bagasse to produce electricity one tonne of mill mn bagasse (50% moisture) is equivalent in fuel value, at 3,700 kj /kg (884 kcal/kg), to one barrel (159 L) of fuel oil. An efficient raw sugar or plantation white factory will use 70—80%... 

In cleaning up the site, dioxin-contaminated waste from the reaction ve.ssel were pac ked i ri turty-oric barrels that went astray in May 1983. They were eventually found in 1985 in the luirdicrn french town of Anguilcourt-le-Sart at an abattoir. Their contents were burned in t d i liigh-temperature incinerator. 

Hydrofluoric acid is highly corrosive to skin and mucous membranes. Even in fairly low concentrations, it causes painful skin burns and severe damage to eyes and the respiratory system. Exposure at higher levels results in destruction of tissues and death. No one in l e.xas City was exposed to more than trace concentrations of hydrofluoric acid. The acid vessel had a capacity of about 850 barrels of which a small fraction was released. 

Continuing dependence on fossil fuels raises several major ethical issues. Ethical questions concerning our responsibilities to future generations arc raised by the fact that fossil fuels are a nonrenewable energy source, so that eveiy barrel of oil or ton of coal burned today is forever lost to future generations. Further, the by-products of fossil fuel combustion pose hazards to both present and future generations. 

All fossil fuels are considered unsustainable because someday they will reach a point of depletion when it becomes uneconomic to produce. Petroleum is the least sustainable because it is the most finite fossil fuel. Although levels of production are expected to begin declining no later than 2030 (U.S. production peaked in 1970), the U.S. and world resei ves could be further expanded by technological advances that continue to improve discoveiy rates and individual well productivity. The extraction of oils found in shales (exceeds three trillion barrels of oil equivalent worldwide) and sands (resei ves of at least two trillion barrels worldwide) could also significantly increase reserves. The reserves of natural gas are comparable to that of oil, but natural gas is considered a more sustainable resource since consumption rates are lower and it burns cleaner than petroleum products (more environmentally sustainable). 

NACO (Navy Cool). A type of proplnt developed by the US Naval Ordnance Station, Indian Head, Md. It burns at temps 300° cooler than standard proplnts, thereby reducing gun-barrel wear by more than 50 percent (Ref 3). 

Barium Oxide (Barium Monoxide, Baryta, Barium Protoxide, Calcined Baryta). BaO, mw 153.36 colorl or white to yelsh-white deliq powd mp 1923°, bp 2000°, d 5.72g/cc. Sol in dil acids, ethanol, methanol and w (decomps with a large amt of heat being evolved). Prepn is by thermal decompn of BaCOj under high vacuum. It is a product of the burning of the many barium compds present in pyrots and, as discussed above, it is used as an anti-barrel wear additive in proplnt compns... 

Chamber Pressure. The pressure existant within the gun barrel at any time as a result of the burning of the proplnt charge. This pressure... 

Small arms may be taken to mean weapons with a bore of less than 2-5 cm, whether the barrel is smooth or rifled. Compared with larger weapons, they have light bullets or shot and have relatively short barrels. Propellants used must therefore be fast burning and have small web thickness. The factors which determine design of powder depend also on the individual characteristics of the weapons. 

Pistols and revolvers have very short barrels and therefore the time during which the propellant must bum is very limited. Burning pressures can, however, be higher and are often in the range 75-110 MPa. 

A National Energy Policy Report that was released in 2001 predicted that U.S. requirements for burning 20 million barrels of oil each day will continue to increase and that increases in U.S. dependence on imported supplies of oil will reach two-thirds by 2020. Also, the Persian Gulf countries will be the main source for this amount of oil and the U.S. trade imbalance will continue to grow. 

Double-based propellants are a mixture of nitrocellulose and nitroglycerine. This mixture increases the pressure of the gas inside the gun barrel. Double-base propellants are used in pistols and mortars. Some disadvantages of using double-base propellants is the erosion that this mixture causes to the gun barrel due to higher burn temperatures and the presence of muzzle flash. 

Triple-based propellants are mixtures of nitroguanidine, nitrocellulose, and nitroglycerine. The mixture reduces the muzzle flash observed with double-based propellants, reduces the burn temperature, which protects the gun barrel, and increases the gas volume. Triple-based propellants are used in tank guns, large caliber guns, and some naval weapons. 

Burning of cables and electromotors Drum and barrel reclamation Forest fires Kraft black liquor boilers Cigarette smoking Charcol briquette combustion Various high-temp. 

The first serious notice of C4 hydrocarbons came with the development of refinery cracking processes. When catalytic cracking became popular, refiners were faced with disposing of a couple of thousand barrels per day of a stream containing butane, butylenes, and small amounts of butadiene. Their first thought was to burn it all as refinery fuel, but then they developed the alkylation process. With that, they could undo some of the molecule shatter that took place in the crackers and reassemble some of the smaller pieces as alkylate, a high-octane gasolinerblending component. 

In general, the internal pressure in a gun barrel exceeds 200 MPa, and the pressure exponent, n, of the propellant burning rate given by Eq. (1.80) is 1. When n = 1, the burning rate of a gun propellant is represented by... 

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