Ball condenser

When it is required to separate a solid from an impurity, it is desirable to carry out the extraction in a Soxhlet apparatus, a sketch of which is shown (Eig. 30). The substance to be extracted is placed in a paper thimble A which is set in position in the main Soxhlet tube, a loose plug of cotton wool being placed in the top of the thimble. The Soxhlet is attached to a flask B containing a small amount of a solvent the solvent chosen should be such that either the desired substance or the impurity is insoluble, or nearly so. A condenser is attached to the Soxhlet tube the ball condenser C shown in sketch is the most convenient. 

You see that vacuum adapter stuck to the top of the condenser in fig. 7a Well, a closer look at it in fig. 7b will show that it has some drying agent sandwiched between two cotton balls and the nipple (tee heel) sealed with plastic wrap or foil. The drying agent can be either a commercial product called Drierite or calcium chloride. This attachment is placed on top of a condenser when refluxing solutions that have no water in them and must remain that way during the time they are refluxed. All this is to prevent moisture in the outside air from coming into contact with the cold surface of the of the inside walls of the condenser. This will surely happen and the condensed outside-air water will drip down into the reaction flask and ruin the experiment. This is not so much a... 

Furthermore, 60—100 L (14—24 gal) oil, having sulfur content below 0.4 wt %, could be recovered per metric ton coal from pyrolysis at 427—517°C. The recovered oil was suitable as low sulfur fuel. Figure 15 is a flow sheet of the Rocky Flats pilot plant. Coal is fed from hoppers to a dilute-phase, fluid-bed preheater and transported to a pyrolysis dmm, where it is contacted by hot ceramic balls. Pyrolysis dmm effluent is passed over a trommel screen that permits char product to fall through. Product char is thereafter cooled and sent to storage. The ceramic balls are recycled and pyrolysis vapors are condensed and fractionated. 

Thermal power plant auxiliaries such as flow control of primary air fan, ID fan and forced-draught fans, boiler feed pumps circulating water pumps and condensate pumps, coal handling plant (e.g. ball mill, wagon tippler, and stacker reclaimer)... 

These applications have considerably more stringent performance requirements than any other application. Circulating water pumps, boiler feed pumps, forced-draught (FD) and induced-draught (ID) fans, pulverizers (ball mills) and condensate pumps are components in a thermal power station that may require extra safety in a standard motor to make it able to fulfil these requirements and withstand abnormal service conditions and system disturbances. Abnormal operating conditions may be one or more of the following ... 

The special forms consist of the many types of anode which are used for protecting smaller containers. Boilers, heat exchangers and condensers belong to this group. Besides the rod anodes already mentioned with tube screw joints which can be screwed into the container from outside, there are also short and round anode supports as well as more or less flat ball segments which are bolted onto the protected surface with cast-on supports. These shapes are mostly manufactured from magnesium alloys. In addition, there are star-shaped or circular anodes for installation in condensers and pipes. The weight of these anodes lies between 0.1 and 1 kg. 

In a 5-1. three-necked flask, fitted with a ball-joint sealed stirrer and a Soxhlet extractor (70 mm. internal diameter X 300 mm. length of body) carrying a large-capacity condenser, are placed... 

The apparatus consists of a 3-1. three-necked round-bottomed creased flask, with standard ball joints and an indented cone-shaped bottom (Note 1), which is heated by means of an electric mantle and is equipped with a high-speecT stirrer of stainless steel driven by a 10,000 r.p.m. motor (Note 2). One side neck is fitted with a bulb-type air-cooled condenser (Note 3), on top of which fits a 1-1. pressure-equalizing Hershberg dropping funnel (Note 4). The top of the dropping funnel is to be connected in turn to a U-tube containing a 1-cm. head of mercury. The entire apparatus is securely fastened to a sturdy support. 

A solution of sodium amide (0.226 mole) in liquid ammonia is prepared in a 1-1. three-necked tlask equipped with a condenser, a ball-scaled mechanical stirrer, and a dro ii)ing funnel. Commercial anhydrous lii(uid ammonia (500 ml.) is introduced from... 

Fresh waters are, in general, less corrosive towards copper than is sea-water, and copper is widely and satisfactorily used for distributing cold and hot waters in domestic and industrial installations . Copper and copper alloys are used for pipes, hot-water cylinders, fire-back boilers, ball floats, ball valves, taps, fittings, heater sheaths, etc. In condensers and heat exchangers using fresh water for cooling, tubes of 70/30 brass or Admiralty brass are usually used, and corrosion is rarely a problem. 

A suspension of sodium amide2 (0.1 mole) in liquid ammonia is prepared in a 500-ml. three-necked, round-bottomed flask fitted with a West condenser, a ball and socket glass mechanical stirrer (Note 1), and a dropping funnel. In the preparation of this reagent a small piece of clean sodium metal is added to 350 ml. of commercial anhydrous liquid ammonia. After the appearance of a blue color, a few crystals of hydrated ferric nitrate are added, whereupon the blue color is discharged. The remainder of the 2.3 g. (0.1 mole) of sodium (Note 2) is then rapidly added as small pieces. After all the sodium has been converted to sodium amide (Note 3), a solution of 16.4 g. (0.1 mole) of ethyl phenyl-acetate (Note 4) in 35 ml. of anhydrous ethyl ether is added dropwise over a 2-minute period, and the mixture is stirred for 20 minutes. To the dark green suspension is added over an 8-minute period a solution of 18.5 g. (0.1 mole) of (2-bromo-... 

All efforts should be made to eliminate these kinds of operating practices. Thus, where condensate receivers are fully open to atmospheric pressure (vented), efforts should be made to limit the absorption of oxygen at the water surface by raising the water level (where horizontal cylindrical tanks are used) or by covering the water surface (thermally resistant plastic balls are sometimes employed). 

C21-0053. Three phosphate anions can condense to form a ring whose chemical formula Is P3 Og. Determine the Lewis structure and draw a ball-and-stick model of this anion. 

The apparatus is set up as illustrated in Fig. 12. The use of a reaction flask and condensers fitted with ball-and-socket joints increases the flexibility of the apparatus and reduces the chance of air entering the system through improperly set joints. The ground-glass joints are greased and held in place with well-tightened ball-and-socket-joint clamps. 

Fullerenes (originally buckminsterfullerenes) are a new class of carbon-only molecules the first example discovered in 1985 (Kroto et al., 1985), being composed of 60 carbon atoms arranged in a soccer ball structure (C60). The condensed aromatic... 

To examine this problem more closely it was necessary to develop (1) a model for the nine-component oxide system U02-Zr02-Si02-Ca0-Mg0-Al203-SrO-BaO-La203 to account for the MCCI (Chevalier 1992, Ball et al. 1993) and (2) develop a database for the gas-phase reactions in the oxide subsystem U02-Zr02-Si02-Ca0-Mg0-Al203. The final oxide database included four solution phases and 70 condensed stoichiometric phases. 

A 1-1. three-necked flask is equipped with an air condenser (Note 1), a ball-sealed mechanical stirrer, and a glass stopper. The stopper is removed, and 800 ml. of anhydrous liquid ammonia is introduced from a cylinder through an inlet tube. The tube is removed and replaced by the stopper. To the stirred ammonia is added a small piece of sodium. After the appearance of a blue color a few crystals of ferric nitrate hydrate (about... 

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