Bald eagle

Bowerman, D.A., Best, T.G., and Grubb, G.M. et al. (1998). Trends of contaminants and effects in bald eagles of the Great Lakes Basin. In M. Gilbertson et al. (Eds.) Trends in Levels and Effects of Persistent Toxic Substances in the Great Lakes, 197-212. 

Bowerman, W.M., Best, D.A., and Giesy, J.P. et al. (2003). Associations between regional differences in PCBs and DDE in blood of nestling bald eagles and reprodnctive prodnctiv-ity. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 22, 371-376. 

Broley, C.L. (1958). Plight of the American Bald Eagle. Audubon Magazine 60, 162-171. 

Nisbet, I.C.T. (1989). Organochlorines reproductive impairment and declines in bald eagle populations mechanisms and dose-response relationships. In B.U. Meyburg and R.D. Chancellor (Eds.) Raptors in the Modern World. Proceedings of the Third World Conference on Birds of Prey and Owls, Berlin 483-489. 

Scheuhammer, A.M., Basu, N., and Burgess, N.M. et al. (2008). Relationships among mercury, selenium, and neurochemical parameters in common loons and bald eagles. Ecotoxicology 17, 93-102. 

Wiemeyer, S.N., Bunck, C.M., and Stafford, C.J. (1993). Environmental contaminants in bald eagles—1980-1984—and further interpretations of relationships in productivity and shell thickness. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 24, 213-244. 

Dioxin Residues in Lakeland Sand and Bald Eagle Samples... 

Tissue extracts from 19 bald eagle Haliaectas leucocephalus) carcasses were examined to determine if biomagnification of TCDD had occurred in a manner similar to DDT. These carcasses came from the states of Alaska, Maine, North Dakota, Wisconsin, Michigan, Minnesota, Arkansas, Illinois, Missouri, Maryland, Virginia, Iowa, New York, New Jersey, and Florida between 1966 and 1971 and were collected and furnished by scientists at the Patuxent Wildlife Center, U.S. Department of the Interior, Laurel, Md. The samples were selected from these states to provide a widely dispersed sampling population. 

This study was done to determine if TCDD residues could be detected in soil receiving massive doses of 2,4-D and 2,4,5-T or in bald eagle extracts, as a representative of the top of a food chain. 

Bald eagle Juvenile Blood Widespread disfiibution large existing database apparent reproductive effects... 

Bowerman WW, Evans ED, Giesy P, Postupalsky S. 1994. Using feathers to assess risk of mercury and selenium to bald eagle reproduction in the Great Lakes region. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 27 294-298. 

Bowerman WW, Roe AS, Gilbertson M, Best DA, Sikarskie JG, Summer CL. 2002. Using bald eagles to indicate the health of the Great Lakes environment. Lakes Reservoirs Res Manage 7 183-187. 

Evans RD. 1993. Mercury and other metals in bald eagle feathers and other tissues from Michigan, nearby areas of Minnesota, Wisconsin, Ohio, Ontario, andAlaska 1985-89. Michigan Department of Environmental Quality, Wildlife Division 3200. 

Stahnaster MV. 1987. The bald eagle. New York (NY) Universe Books. 

Weech SA, Wilson LK, Langelier KM, Elliott JE. 2003. Mercury residues in livers of bald eagles Haliaeetus leucocephalus) found dead or dying in British Columbia, Canada (1987-1994). Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 45 562-569. 

Welch L J. 1994. Contaminant burdens and reproductive rates of bald eagles breeding in Maine. Master s Thesis University of Maine. Orono, ME. 

Wiemeyer SN, Bunck CM, Stafford CJ. 1993. Environmental contaminants in bald eagle eggs 1980-1984 and further interpretations of relationships to productivity and shell thickness. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 24 213-227. 

Wiemeyer SN, Lamont TG, Bunck CM, Sindelar CR, Gramlich FJ, Fraser JD, Byrd MA. 1984. Organochloride pesticide, polychlorobiphenyl, and mercury residues in bald eagle eggs — 1969-1979 — and their relationships to shell thinnings and reproduction. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 13 529-549. 

Wood PB. 1993. Mercury concentrations in blood and feathers of nestling Florida bald eagles. Annual Meeting of the Raptor Research Foundation, Inc, Charlotte, NC, November 28 68. 

Wood PB, White JH, Steffer A, Wood JM, Facemire CF, Percival HF. 1996. Mercury concentrations in tissues of Florida bald eagles. J Wildl Manage 60 178-185. 

In the aftermath of the DDT bans, many bird populations recovered. Robins, bald eagles, ospreys, and peregrine falcons returned to old nesting grounds. The use of other pesticides continued unabated, however. By 1999, American farmers were using one billion pounds of pesticides and herbicides yearly every dollar spent on pesticides seemed to save 4 in crops. 

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