Baker map

One of the simplest models of deterministic diffusion is the multibaker map, which is a generalization of the well-known baker map into a spatially periodic system [1, 27, 28]. The map is two dimensional and mles the motion of a particle which can jump from square to square in a random walk. The equations of the map are given by... 

In determining the type of flow in a process pipeline, designers refer to a diagram similar to Figure 3-5, which is known as the Baker map. Figure 3-6 shows the types of flow regimes that can exist in a horizontal... 

B depends on the weight ratio and the physical properties of the liquid and vapor phases. It is independent of pipe size therefore, it remains constant once calculated from the characteristics of the liquid and vapor, and its position on the Baker map changes only if the liquid-vapor proportion changes. By depends on the vapor-phase flow rate, the vapor and liquid densities, and pipe sizes. The practical significance of the pipe size, however, is the effect on the frictional losses. The point B,, By determines the flow regime for the calculated liquid-vapor ratio and the... 

Sizing of flashing steam condensate return lines requires techniques that calculate pressure drop of two-phase flow correlations. Many correlations have been presented in the literature [15,16,19,23]. Most flow patterns for steam condensate headers fall within the annular or dispersed region on the Baker map. Sometimes, they can fall within the slug flow region however, the flashed steam in steam condensate lines is less than 30% by weight. 

DETERMINE THE FLOW REGIME FROM THE BAKER MAP CALL BAKER... 

Fig. 14. Generalized map of flow regimes in downflow fixed-bed reactors using Baker plot parameters, A = ( a/ air l/ w...

Approximate prediction of flow pattern may be quickly done using flow pattern maps, an example of which is shown in Fig. 6-2.5 (Baker, Oil Gas]., 53[12], 185-190, 192-195 [1954]). The Baker chart remains widely used however, for critical calculations the mechanistic model methods referenced previously are generally preferred for their greater accuracy, especially for large pipe diameters and fluids with ysical properties different from air/water at atmospheric pressure. In the chart. 

A computer program (TWOPHASE) was developed that uses the Lockliart-Matinelli correlation and determines the total pressure drop based on the vapor phase pressure drop. The total length of the unit depends on the nature of the Reynolds numher. The program also calculates the gas-liquid phase regime employing a modified Baker s map [33]. Table 7-13 gives the results of the two-phase pressure drop. 

Baker (Bl) developed a flow pattern map for horizontal gas-liquid systems that is shown in Fig. 5. The coordinates are functions of gas and liquid mass flow rates, phase densities, liquid viscosity, and surface tension. Using the same coordinates, Cichy et al. (C5) have presented a modification of the flow-pattern maps of Govier and co-workers (B6, G2, G3) for vertical gas liquid systems. 

Figure 15-6 Flow regime maps for (a) horizontal and (b) vertical gas-liquid flow, (a, From Baker, 1954 b, from Hewitt and Roberts, 1969.)...

The best known flow regime map for horizontal gas-liquid flow was given by Baker (1954) and is shown in Figure 7.4. Here Gg, GL denote the superficial mass fluxes of the gas and the liquid. For the gas... 

Fig. 4. Suggested flow pattern map for horizontal cocurrent flow (modified from that of Baker).

Kass S, McRae C, Graber HL, Sparks EA, McNamara D, Boudoulas H, Basson CT, Baker PB 3rd, Cody RJ, Fishman MC, Cox N, Kong A, Wooley CF, Seidman JG, Seidman CE A gene defect that causes conduction system disease and dilated cardiomyopathy maps to chromosome lpl-lql. Nat Genet 1994 7 546-551. 

For example, typical for the empirical flow charts is the flow-regime map of Charpentier and Favier [14], whose use has been recommended by Tosun [15]. It uses the coordinates proposed by Baker [16] for two-phase flow in horizontal tubes. The abscissa is the superficial mass flow-rate of the gas the ordinate is the ratio of the liquid-to the gas-mass flow-rates. The properties of the gas and the liquid are taken into account by the parameters ... 

All the cells in the human body contain a complete copy of the approximately 3 billion DNA base pairs that make up the human genome. With its four-letter code, DNA contains all the information needed to build the entire human body Among the first genomes to be mapped were that of the chimpanzee, mouse, rat, pufferfish, fruit fly, roundworm, bakers yeast, and the bacterium Escherichia coli. As of 2008, the genomes of some 100 species genomes are completely known. 

To conclude this section we discuss the baker s map (Farmer et al. (1983)) as an example for an area preserving mapping in two dimensions. Area preservation is of utmost importance for Hamiltonian systems, since Liouville s theorem (Landau and Lifechitz (1970), Goldstein (1976)) guarantees the preservation of phase-space volume in the course of the time evolution of a Hamiltonian system. The baker s map is a transformation of the unit square onto itself. It is constructed in the following four steps illustrated in Fig. 2.5. 

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