Bacterial infections cephalosporins

Just as fflnides are more stable than esters, lactfflns are more stable than lactones. Thus, although p-lactones are rare (Section 19.15), p-lactfflns are fflnong the best known products of the phaiinaceutical industry. The penicillin and cephalosporin antibiotics, which are so useful in treating bacterial infections, are p-lactfflns and are customarily refeired to as (3-lactam antibiotics. 

The P-lactam antibiotic cephalosporin is one of the most important drugs for the treatment of bacterial infections. Recently, several new compounds such as ce-fadroxil (2-161), cephalexin (2-162), cefixime (2-163), and cefzil (2-167) have been isolated, which contain an alkyl or alkenyl substituent instead of an acetoxymethyl group at C-3 (Scheme 2.37 and 2.38) [88]. 

Cystitis is a condition where urinary tract bacterial infection is presented. Products recommended as first-line of treatment include amoxicillin, oral cephalosporin, trimethoprim or nitrofurantoin. Doxycycline is a tetracycline antibacterial agent whereas itraconazole is an antifungal agent. 

The development of antibacterial chemotherapy during the past 75 years has spearheaded the successful use of today s drugs to combat bacterial infections. Studies in (3-lactam chemistry were stimulated when (3-lactam ring, the four membered heterocycle, was recognized as a key structural feature as well as a key therapeutic feature of the bicyclic (3-lactam antibiotics such as penicillins, cephalosporins, and other classical antibiotics. The last two decades have registered the discovery of several nonclassical bicyclic (3-lactam antibiotics, e.g., thienamycin and carba-penems of natural origin like olivanic acids, carpetimycin, pluracidomycin, and aspareomycins. 

Indications Bacterial infections, MRSA Category Cephalosporin antibiotic Half-life 3 hours... 

Cefprozil, a second-generation cephalosporin antibiotic, is indicated in the treatment of pharyngitis or tonsillitis caused by S. pyogenes otitis media caused by S. pneumoniae, H. influenzae, and M.(Branhamella) catarrhalis in secondary bacterial infections of acute bronchitis and acute bacterial exacerbation of chronic bronchitis caused by S. pneumoniae, H. influenzae, and M. (B.) catarrhalis and in uncomplicated skin and skin-strnctnre infections caused by Staphylococcus aureus and S. pyogenes. 

Deeper bacterial infections of the skin include folliculitis, erysipelas, cellulitis, and necrotizing fasciitis. Since streptococcal and staphylococcal species also are the most common causes of deep cutaneous infections, penicilUns (especially ji-lactarruise-resistant ji-lactams), and cephalosporins are the systemic antibiotics used most frequently in their treatment (see Chapter 44). A growing concern is the increased incidence of skin and soft tissue infections with hospital- and community-acquired methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) and drug-resistant pneumococci. Infection with community-acquired MRSA often is susceptible to trimethoprim—sulfamethoxazole. 

Cephalosporins are usually administered parenterally. These drugs are the most frequently used for bacterial infections because of their broad activity and low toxicity. The P-lactam antibiotics account for about 60% of the annual worldwide sales of antibiotics amounting to 11 thousand million US dollars. Of this amount, cephalosporins claim 40% and penicillins 20%. 

P-Lactams. AH p-lactams are chemically characterized by having a p-lactam ring. Substmcture groups are the penicillins, cephalosporins, carbapenems, monobactams, nocardicins, and clavulanic acid. Commercially this family is the most important group of antibiotics used to control bacterial infections. The P-lactams act by inhibition of bacterial cell wall biosynthesis. 

B) Aminoglycosides are often used in combination with cephalosporins in the empiric treatment of life-threatening bacterial infections... 

Prescribers use cephalosporins to combat a wide variety of infections and typically use it as a prophylaxis to prevent a bacterial infection to occur during or after surgery. 

Ceftiofur is a semi-synthetic antibiotic of the cephalosporin class. Cephalosporins, like penicillins, belong to the group of P-lactam antibiotics. 3-Lactams are probably the class of antibiotics most widely used in veterinary medicine for the treatment of bacterial infections of animals used in livestock farming and bovine milk production. There are EU MRLs for all food-producing species ranging from 4 pg/1 for ampicillin in milk to 300 pg/kg for oxacillin, cloxacillin, and dicloxacillin in bovine tissues such as... 

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