Chemotherapy bacterial infections

Much of the development of the chemistry of sulfanilamidoselenazole derivatives is a result of the important role played by sulfonamides in chemotherapy and more particularly the good activity of sulfathiazoie against bacterial infections. Backer and De Jonge (441 prepared these derivatives by reaction of 2-amino-4-methyl- and 2-aminO-4-phenyl-selenazoles with A -acetylsulfanilic acid chloride in pyridine.. Alkaline... 

Chemotherapy is the control and treatment of disease by synthetic drugs. Most of these are organic compounds, often of remarkably simple structure. Sulfanilamide is one example of an organic compound synthesized by chemists for the treatment of bacterial infections. 

MA M10 M10.056 Aeruginolysin Target for vaccine development, and chemotherapy of bacterial infection... 

Neutrophil Segs 40%-60% Bands 3%-5% Phagocytic Leukocytosis Bacterial infections Fungal infections Physiologic stress Tissue injury (e.g. myocardial Infarction) Medications (e.g. corticosteroids) Leukopenia Long-standing infection Cancer Medications (e.g., chemotherapy)... 

Domagk, G. (1935) Chemotherapy of bacterial infections. Deutsche Medizinische Wochenschrifi, 61, 250-253. 

T There are several distinct types of inhibitors of nucleotide biosynthesis, each type acting at different points in the pathways to purine or pyrimidine nucleotides. All these inhibitors are very toxic to cells, especially rapidly growing cells, such as those of tumors or bacteria, because interruption of the supply of nucleotides seriously limits the cell s capacity to synthesize the nucleic acids necessary for protein synthesis and cell replication. In some cases, the toxic effect of such inhibitors makes them useful in cancer chemotherapy or in the treatment of bacterial infections. However, some of these agents can also damage the rapidly replicating cells of the intestinal tract and bone marrow. This danger imposes limits on the doses that can be used safely. 

The development of antibacterial chemotherapy during the past 75 years has spearheaded the successful use of today s drugs to combat bacterial infections. Studies in (3-lactam chemistry were stimulated when (3-lactam ring, the four membered heterocycle, was recognized as a key structural feature as well as a key therapeutic feature of the bicyclic (3-lactam antibiotics such as penicillins, cephalosporins, and other classical antibiotics. The last two decades have registered the discovery of several nonclassical bicyclic (3-lactam antibiotics, e.g., thienamycin and carba-penems of natural origin like olivanic acids, carpetimycin, pluracidomycin, and aspareomycins. 

A large number of compounds in category 3 act at different sites in the pathways for purine and pyrimidine biosynthesis. These compounds are very toxic for rapidly growing tumors and bacteria, making them useful in cancer chemotherapy and treatment of bacterial infections. 6-Mercaptopurine is a potent inhibitor of purine biosynthesis, and 5-fluorouracil inhibits thymidylate synthesis. Some compounds, such as hydroxyurea and sulfonamides, inhibit the synthesis of both purine and pyrimidine nucleotides. These are only a few of the many compounds useful in treating cancer and infectious diseases (see Chapter 10). 

Modern anti-infective chemotherapy is founded on the deployment of an arsenal of potent and safe small-molecule inhihitors of microbial growth. As a result, it is not an understatement to say that antibiotics and antibacterial agents have revolutionized health care during the last century. These compounds are, respectively, natural product and synthetic small molecules that inhibit bacterial growth. For simplicity, in this review, the term antibiotic will be used to refer to both natural products and synthetic molecules. 

Deep bacterial infections, e.g. boils, generally do not require antimicrobial therapy but if they do it should be systemic. Cellulitis requires systemic chemotherapy initially with benzylpeniciUin and flucloxacillin. 

The normal adrenal cortex responds to severe stress by secreting more than 300 mg/day of cortisol. Intercurrent illness is stress and treatment is urgent, particularly of infections the dose of corticosteroid should be doubled during the illness and gradually reduced as the patient improves. Effective chemotherapy of bacterial infections is specially important. 

Chapter 11. Chemotherapy of infections Chapter 12. Antibacterial drugs Chapter 13. Chemotherapy of bacterial infections Chapter 14. Viral, fungal, protozoal and helminthic infections... 

Because of the fact that bacteria are quite demanding and variable targets of anti-infective chemotherapy, only a very limited number of iminosugars inhibiting bacterial enzyme systems in vitro or exhibiting established antibacterial properties have been discovered since. Nonetheless, several iminosugar-related structures featuring antibacterial properties have been discovered as natural products or have been recently synthesized. 

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