Bacteria in the gastrointestinal tract

C2H5OH, ethanol is formed by bacteria in the gastrointestinal tract in low amounts. Most of the ethanol of bacterial source is metabolized during the first liver passage yielding acetaldehyde and subsequently acetic acid. 

Polycystic ovary syndrome endocrine disorder characterised by amenorrhoea, hirsutism and infertility Porphyria inherited disorders presenting with increased production of porphyrins in the bone marrow Prostatic hyperplasia enlargement of the prostate Pseudomembranous colitis diarrhoea occurring in patients who received antibacterial agents, caused by the resulting overgrowth of anaerobic bacteria in the gastrointestinal tract... 

The metabolism of enflurane and sevoflurane results in the formation of fluoride ion. However, in contrast to the rarely used volatile anesthetic methoxyflurane, renal fluoride levels do not reach toxic levels under normal circumstances. In addition, sevoflurane is degraded by contact with the carbon dioxide absorbent in anesthesia machines, yielding a vinyl ether called "compound A," which can cause renal damage if high concentrations are absorbed. (See Do We Really Need Another Inhaled Anesthetic ) Seventy percent of the absorbed methoxyflurane is metabolized by the liver, and the released fluoride ions can produce nephrotoxicity. In terms of the extent of hepatic metabolism, the rank order for the inhaled anesthetics is methoxyflurane > halothane > enflurane > sevoflurane > isoflurane > desflurane > nitrous oxide (Table 25-2). Nitrous oxide is not metabolized by human tissues. However, bacteria in the gastrointestinal tract may be able to break down the nitrous oxide molecule. 

NEOMYCIN ANTICOAGULANTS - ORAL Elevated prothrombin times and T risk of bleeding The mechanism is not fully understood however, it is thought that neomycin may 1 number of vitamin K-producing bacteria in the gastrointestinal tract and/or that the absorption of vitamin K may be 1 by the neomycin The INR should be monitored in all patients starting or stopping neomycin therapy. Patients more at risk are those with an inadequate diet... 

Following the entry of Salmonella bacteria in the gastrointestinal tract, they adhere by fibriae to the epithelial cells of intestinal mucosa. They are transported to the lamina propria by endocytosis where they are released inducing an influx of... 

More recently, the latter prebiotic concept was revised. The authors come to the definition that prebiotics have to be resistant until they are fermented by the intestinal (i.e., not only colonic) flora. The balanced stimulation of growth and/or activity of the health-promoting bacteria in the gastrointestinal tract have to be demonstrated finally by performing studies in the target group to produce sound scientific data (36). 

Antibiotics may disrupt bacteria in the gastrointestinal tract, causing diarrhea. Food may help relieve the diarrhea. If the diarrhea does not go away, your doctor may recommend another antibiotic. If you develop severe, long-lasting diarrhea, you may have a serious condition and should consult your doctor. 

There is considerable evidence that a number of phytochemicals have potential to become useful antimicrobial agents that could be employed as preventative or treatment therapies against microbial and viral diseases. Although, there are some encouraging effects in vivo to inhibit pathogenic microbes without affecting beneficial bacteria in the gastrointestinal tracts, more studies would be required for the... 

Acute pancreatitis can progress to several distinct consequences. Pancreatic fluid collections and pancreatic abscesses can form during the course of acute pancreatitis. Pancreatic necrosis can occur when pancreatic enzymes damage the pancreatic tissue or when pancreatic abscesses become secondarily infected. This infection is usually due to bacteria that are normally found in the gastrointestinal tract, including Escherichia coli, Enterobacteriaceae, Staphylococcus aureus, viridans group streptococci, and anaerobes. 

Fig-1. The density of bacteria along the gastrointestinal tract of man is shown schematically based on data from references 1-5 in the text. Density is given by logio CFU/ml of luminal contents in the fasting state. TBC = Total bacterial count. 

Histamine is synthesized in tissues by decarboxylation of amino acid L-histidine, a process catalyzed by the pyridoxalphosphate-dependent enzyme L-histidinedecarboxylase. Histamine can enter the organism with food it also can be generated by bacteria of the gastrointestinal tract. However, these sources do not create additional reserves of histamine since exogenous histamine is easily catabolized in the organism. 

Urinary tract infections are usually caused by bacteria from the gastrointestinal tract Escherichia coli accounts for about 90% of UTIs acquired in the community. 

Nitrosamines can be formed when amines that occur naturally in food react with sodium nitrite, NaN02, a preservative added to meats such as ham, bacon, and hot dogs to inhibit the growth of Clostridium botulinum, a bacterium responsible for a lethal form of food poisoning. Nitrosamines may also be formed in vivo in the gastrointestinal tract when bacteria in the body convert nitrates (N03 ) into nitrites (NO2 ), which then react with amines. 

---