Bacteria composition

Besides carrying out MLF, under certain conditions LAB can also cause undesirable changes in wine flavour which render the wine undrinkable. Many species of LAB do not conduct MLF and their growth in wine can cause some serious wine spoilage. The nature and extent of this spoilage depend on several factors such as the type of bacteria, composition of the wine and vinification practices specific types of spoilage are associated with a restricted number of lactobacilli. 

Pure Appl Chem69 2163-2168 Schmidt K (1971) Carotenoids of purple nonsulfur bacteria Composition and biosynthesis of the carotenoids of some strains of Rhodopseudomonas acidophila, Rhodospirillum tenue, and Rhodocyclus purpureus. Arch Mikrobiol 77 231-238... 

The ratios between a-, p-, y- and 8-proteobactria may differ greatly according to the nature of the inoculum. It was shown, for example, that a-proteobacteria comprised 64.5% of the communities present in an MFC fed with artificial wastewater and only 10.8% when fed by river water [37], Jung and Regan [38] examined the anodic bacteria compositions of two-chamber MFCs inoculated with anaerobic sludge and fed with different substrates (acetate, lactate and glucose). Results showed that all anode communities... 

The product quaUty considerations for nonphotosynthetic microorganisms are similar to those for algae. Tables 6 and 7 present composition and amino acid analyses, respectively, for selected bacteria, yeasts, molds, and higher fungi produced on a large pilot-plant or commercial scale. Table 8 summarizes results of proteia quaUty and digestibiUty studies. 

The nutrient sparing effect of antibiotics may result from reduction or elimination of bacteria competing for consumed and available nutrients. It is also recognized that certain bacteria synthesize vitamins (qv), amino acids (qv), or proteins that may be utilized by the host animal. Support of this mode of action is found in the observed nutritional interactions with subtherapeutic use of antibiotics in animal feeds. Protein concentration and digestibiHty, and amino acid composition of consumed proteins may all influence the magnitude of response to feeding antibiotics. Positive effects appear to be largest... 

Polyesters are known to be produced by many bacteria as intracellular reserve materials for use as a food source during periods of environmental stress. They have received a great deal of attention since the 1970s because they are biodegradable, can be processed as plastic materials, are produced from renewable resources, and can be produced by many bacteria in a range of compositions. The thermoplastic polymers have properties that vary from soft elastomers to rigid brittie plastics in accordance with the stmcture of the pendent side-chain of the polyester. The general stmcture of this class of compounds is shown by (3), where R = CH3, n = >100, and m = 0-8. 

In general, exempt colorants have less coloring power than certified colorants and thus have to be used at higher concentrations. Some, particularly those of plant origin, tend to be less stable, more variable in shade, and therefore more compHcated to use than certified colorants, and are more likely to introduce undeskable flavors and odors into the products in which they are incorporated. Also, depending on thek nature and origin, exempt colorants can vary substantially in composition from batch to batch, are more likely to be contaminated with undeskable trace metals, insecticides, herbicides, and bacteria such as Salmonella and can be more difficult to obtain in steady supply compared with certified colorants. 

Attack at welds due to bacteria is possible, but it is not nearly so common as is often supposed. Because of residual stresses, microstruc-tural irregularities, compositional variation, and surface irregularities, welds show a predisposition to corrode preferentially by most corrosion mechanisms. Attack is common along incompletely closed weld seams such as at butt welds in light-gauge stainless steel tubing (Fig. 6.9A and B). Attack at carbon steel welds may occur. Figure 6.10 shows a severely corroded carbon steel pipe from a service water sys-... 

Ingested plant metabolites, drugs and other compounds are processed both by the animal and by the microbial flora of the gut. The composition and activities of the gut microflora vary greatly from one animal species to another and have been very extensively reviewed." In true ruminants (sheep, cattle and deer) and in functional ruminants, such as camels and llamas, a mixed population of bacteria,... 

The degradation of 2,6-xylenol (2,6-dimethylphenol) by bacteria produces a metabolite with elemental composition C8///0O2 as determined by high-resolution mass spectrometry Which carbon skeleton and which relative configuration are deducible from the NMR experiments 44, all obtained from one 1.5 mg sample ... 

Actinomycete Nontaxonomic term applied to a group of high G -1- C base composition. Gram-positive bacteria that have a superficial resemblance to fungi. Includes many but not all organisms belonging to the order Actinomycetales. 

Mitochondria Mitochondria are organelles surrounded by two membranes that differ markedly in their protein and lipid composition. The inner membrane and its interior volume, the matrix, contain many important enzymes of energy metabolism. Mitochondria are about the size of bacteria, 1 fim. Cells contain hundreds of mitochondria, which collectively occupy about one-fifth of the cell volume. Mitochondria are the power plants of eukaryotic cells where carbohydrates, fats, and amino acids are oxidized to CO9 and H9O. The energy released is trapped as high-energy phosphate bonds in ATR... 

This wall, which has no counterpart in mammals, does differ somewhat among different species of bacteria. Differences in chemical composition lead to variations in their reactions to various... 

The voluminous deposits associated with iron bacteria, although objectionable in other ways, rarely have much effect on corrosion as they form only over a long period and the alteration in water composition is negligible. 

To protect buried metals from premature breakdown it must suffice to say that protective coatings and other methods must be applied against factors such as the effects of galvanic currents, composition of the moisture in the ground, humus acids, bacteria, etc. (See Section 14.8.)... 

Ruby, E. G., and Nealson, K. H. (1978). Seasonal changes in the species composition of luminous bacteria in nearshore seawater. Limnolo. Oceanogr. 23 530-533. 

This key enzyme of the dissimilatory sulfate reduction was isolated from all Desulfovibrio strains studied until now 135), and from some sulfur oxidizing bacteria and thermophilic Archaea 136, 137). The enzymes isolated from sulfate-reducing bacteria contain two [4Fe-4S] clusters and a flavin group (FAD) as demonstrated by visible, EPR, and Mossbauer spectroscopies. With a total molecular mass ranging from 150 to 220 kDa, APS reductases have a subunit composition of the type 012)32 or 02)3. The subunit molecular mass is approximately 70 and 20 kDa for the a and )3 subunits, respectively. Amino-acid sequence data suggest that both iron-sulfur clusters are located in the (3 subunit... 

In two sulfate-reducing bacteria we found oxygen-tolerant formate dehydrogenases with different subunit composition. The formate dehydrogenase from D. desulfuricans is an af3y protein whereas the one from D. gigas is an afi protein. Both proteins contain two MGD cofactors but the protein from D. desulfuricans contains four heme c attached to the y subunit (16 kDa). 

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