Historical Perspective and Background

Implementation of the concept of combined acids in the field of asymmetric catalysis has been known for over 20 years. Several excellent reviews containing historical background and theoretical perspectives on this subject have appeared [93]. Fundamentally, a combined acid system involves the association of an acceptor atom A with a donor atom D that is chemically bonded to another... 

The background ideas about muscle structure and the crossbridge cycle, together with some historical perspectives, are discussed in this volume in Squire et al. (2005) and Geeves and Holmes (2005) and also, for example, in Huxley (1969, 2004), Holmes (1997), Geeves and Holmes (1999), and the special Royal Society issue on Myosin, Muscle and Motility (Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. B. volume 359, pp 1811-1964). 

Since the appearance of computer-aided structure-activity studies, the term pharmacophore has become one of the most popular words in medicinal chemistry. However, depending on their scientific background and/or traditions, the different medicinal chemistry groups attribute various meanings to this term. Therefore, it appeared necessary to devote a brief paragraph to the definition of the word pharmacophore, and this is followed by a historical perspective and finally by some comments from a medicinal chemistry practitioner. 

By now, nearly every chemist has had some introduction to the subject of supercritical extraction in one form or another, and it would seem that after scores of papers, newsreleases, and trade journal articles, only so much can be said about the background and early findings, the thermodynamic interactions between dissolved solutes and high pressure gases, the equations of state that can correlate and predict solubility behavior, the many applications of the technology (some of which are in flavors), the full scale coffee and hops extraction plants now in operation, etc. What, then, can a paper entitled "Supercritical Fluids - Overview and Specific Examples in Flavors Applications" give that s new -hopefully, a different development of the historical perspective... 

On the other hand, the historical perspective and operation of supercritical extraction was intended to supply the background to serve as an aid in appreciating the motivation for the current activities, not just in flavors extraction and characterization but for the process development being carried out in the chemical, food, pharmaceutical, and polymer industries. 

Perspective of Solution Chemistry of Japan. The Historical Background and Recent Trends -... 

Evaluating information on the site s physical, geographical, historical, and operational setting. Information should be evaluated to provide a historical perspective on the site, and describe its operations, current status, and the surrounding community. Once the important background details have been presented, the assessor should describe characteristics of populations on or near the site and the use of local land and resources. The text should state the total number of exposed and potentially exposed persons and indicate the characteristics of this population. Population estimates should include persons exposed in the past and present, as well as those at risk for future... 

Most scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) experiments are conducted in the amperometric mode, yet microelectrodes have for many years been used as potentiometric devices. Not surprisingly, several SECM articles have described how the tip operated in the potentiometric mode. In this chapter we aim to present the background necessary to understand the differences between amperometric and potentiometric SECM applications. Since many aspects of SECM are covered elsewhere in this monograph, we have focused on the progress made in the held of potentiometric microelectrodes and presented it in the context of SECM experiments. Starting with an historical perspective, the key discoveries that facilitated the development and applications of micro potentiometric probes are highlighted. Fabrication techniques and recipes are reviewed. Basic theoretical principles are covered as well as properties and technical operational details. In the second half of the chapter, SECM potentiometric applications are discussed. There the differences between the conventional amperometric mode are developed and emphasized. 

This general area is filled with an alphabet soup morass of acronyms, only a few of which will be addressed here. The interested reader is particularly directed to the introduction of Stringfellow s book [4]. His work is directed exclusively at the compound semiconductor market, nevertheless it includes an exceptional discussion of the kinetics and thermodynamics of chemical vapor deposition processes in general. Additionally, a good chemical introduction is included in The Chemistry of Metal CVD [2]. Also, Jensen and Hitchman s book on chemical vapor deposition has an outstanding introduction to the background of the field, its historical perspective, and the prospects for continued growth in the area [5]. 

Young, J.H., Laetrile in historical perspective, in Merkle, G.E., Petersen, J.C., editors. Politics, Science, and Cancer The Laetrile Phenomenon, Westview Press, Boulder, CO, 1980 American Cancer Society. Laetrile Background Information. American Cancer Society, New York, 1977. 

The Core Background Elements provide a succinct historical perspective that leads to the present state. The narrative of the past does impact in some way both the current and future conditions, so this aspect of Planning identifies and respects this essential feeder information. For instance, based on the Statement of the Theme, "Engineering Education Prepares for the Future, the Core Background Elements might be ... 

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