Axons elongated

Tanaka, E.M., and Kirschner, M.W. (1991) Microtubule behavior in the growth cones of living neurons during axon elongation./. Cell Biol. 115, 345. 

David, S. and Aguayo, A. J. Axonal elongation into peripheral nervous system bridges after central nervous system injury in adult rats. Science 214 931-933,1981. 

Takei, Y., Teng,J., Harada, A., and Hirokawa, N. (2000). Defects in axonal elongation and neuronal migration in mice with disrupted tauand maplbgenes./. CellBiol. 150, 989-1000. 

Reier PJ (1986) Gliosis following CNS injury The anatomy of astrocytic scars and their influences on axonal elongation. Astrocytes 3 263-324. 

Neurons in primary cultures are extremely sensitive to poisoning by clostridial toxins (Habermann et ai, 1988 Williamson et ai, 1996). Moreover, primary neuronal cultures mimic many basic features of neural tissue in vivo, providing much easier access of toxins to neuronal membranes and synaptic structures. By applying clostridial toxins to primary cultured neurons it is also possible to study the possible role of the target proteins in axon elongation, synaptogenesis or neuronal survival. 

One risk with the implantation of foreign ECM proteins is development of scar tissue within the regenerating area. This acts as a physical barrier to axonal elongation between the nerve stumps. It appears that this problem is less likely with biocompatible polysaccharides. 

Meintire, S.L., Garriga, G., White, J., Jacobson, D. and Hor-vitz, H.R. (1992) Genes necessary for directed axonal elongation or fasciculation in C. elegans. Neuron 8 307-322. 

Thanos, S., Bahr, M., Barde, Y.A. and Vaneslow, J. (1989) Survival and axonal elongation of adult rat retinal ganglion cells. In vitro effects of lesioned sciatic nerve and brain-derived neurotrophic factor. Eur. J. Neurosci. 1 19-26. 

Tysseling-Mattiace VM, Sahni V, Niece KL, Bitch D, Czeisler C, Fehlings MG, Stupp SI, Kessler JA (2008) Self-assembling nanofibers inhibit glial scar formation and promote axon elongation after spinal cord injury. J Neurosci 28 3814-3823. doi 10.1523/JNEUROSCI. 0143-08.2008... 

The high extent of axonal regeneration in the investigated crushed sciatic nerves, which have been contacted by such lyophilized chitosan membranes, indicates that chitosan acts as an inducer of nerve regeneration rather than just as a scaffold providing mechanical stabilization. The authors speculated that chitosan in these materials enhances Schwann cell proliferation, axon elongation and myelination. Additionally, silica ions may influence the... 

Hernandez-Deviez, D. J., Roth, M. G., Casanova, J. E., and Wilson, J. M. (2004). ARNO and ARF6 regulate axonal elongation and branching through downstream activation of phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate 5-kinase alpha. Mol. Biol. Cell IS, 111-120. 

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