Automotive batteries components

In Figure 1, the cutaway view of the automotive battery shows the components used in its constmction. An industrial motive power battery, shown in Figure 2 (2), is the type used for lift tmcks, trains, and mine haulage. Both types of batteries have the standard free electrolyte systems and operate only in the vertical position. Although a tubular positive lead—acid battery is shown for industrial appHcations, the dat plate battery constmction (Fig. 1) is also used in a comparable size. 

I11 Figure 1, the cutaway view of the automotive battery shows die components used in its construction. Automotive and industrial motive power batteries have the standard free electrolyte systems and operate only in die vertical position. 

Within the last few decades the automobile industry has undergone a revolution in overall vehicle reliability. With the large number of components and the number of potential failure modes, it has become necessary for a component to provide six-sigma (99.9999%) reliabiUty over its operational life (now assumed to be ten years or 240,000 km/150,000 miles), in order to satisfy customer expectations. Current production automotive batteries do not perform to this standard of course, but it is expected that pressure will come to bear on the industry to perform to this level in years to come. In some respect this may be achievable experience with the first generation Ni-MH traction battery cells in severe electric vehicle (EV) usage has demonstrated less than 25 ppm failures after three years of serviee [2]. In order to achieve this level of performance, however, a close partnership is essential between vehicle sub-systems as the life of the battery is intrinsically entwined with the engine, climate control, and battery charge systems. 

Applications and uses medical thin walled, flexible tubing, catheters, connectors, luers and stopcocks, films and fabric coatings, component housings, soft touch grips, dental parts, automotive battery cables, ski goggles, ski boot shells, snowboard surfaces, and sports shoe soles. 

Overall, the lead-acid automotive battery is close to 60 per cent lead and is typically made up of the following components ... 

The replacement market is probably a more significant component of automotive battery demand than original equipment, given the relative... 

Some of the most useful polyphosphazenes are fluoroalkoxy derivatives and amorphous copolymers (11.27) that are practicable as flame-retardant, hydrocarbon solvent- and oil-resistant elastomers, which have found aerospace and automotive applications. Polymers such as the amorphous comb polymer poly[bis(methoxyethoxyethoxy)phosphazene] (11.28) weakly coordinate Li " ions and are of substantial interest as components of polymeric electrolytes in battery technology. Polyphosphazenes are also of interest as biomedical materials and bioinert, bioactive, membrane-forming and bioerodable materials and hydrogels have been prepared. 

Various materials are used for production of the three main components of a lithium ion battery. Research and development of these materials is where the automotive chemist is severely needed. The main components of the battery are the electrolyte, cathode, and anode. For the cost imperative, graphite is used most often in the anode. The cathode is typically a layered lithium cobalt oxide, lithium iron phosphate, or lithium manganese oxide. Other materials, such as TiS2, have been used [18]. Of course, properties vary depending on the choice of anode, cathode, electrolyte, etc. 

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