Automobile performance power requirements

FIGURE 13 Ragone plot. Acceptable automobile performance requires the specific power and specific energy shown in the upper right corner of the plot. Several secondary battery systems can meet these technical objectives. 

Long-chain esters of pentaerythritol have been used as pour-point depressants for lubricant products, ranging from fuel oils or diesel fuels to the high performance lubricating oils required for demanding outlets such as aviation, power turbines, and automobiles. These materials require superior temperature, viscosity, and aging resistance, and must be compatible with the wide variety7 of metallic surfaces commonly used in the outlets ( 79—81). 

More rechargeable batteries are deployed in commercial applications, namely automobiles, telephones, cell phones, iPads, medical devices, cameras, watches, and so on. Battery power requirements are very low for these applications except for batteries for EVs and HEVs. Two important electrical performance parameters for EV batteries are the specific energy (Wh/kg) and the energy density (Wh/L). The performance specifications requirements for low-power rechargeable batteries widely... 

Shukla et al., (2003) have described a process to assess the energy and power requirements of a fuel cell-based automobile. They have estimated that the power plant of a modem car must be capable of delivering about 50 kW of sustained power for accessories and hill climbing, with burst-power requirement for a few tens of seconds to about 80 kW during acceleration. For a car with these performance characteristics, this sets the upper power limit required, but in common usage rarely exceeds 15 kW while cruising. 

T Tigh-performance lithium—sulfur secondary batteries are being devel-- oped for use in electric automobiles and for off-peak energy storage in electric utility systems. These applications impose severe performance requirements that cannot be met by present batteries. For the electric automobile, the battery must have a minimum specific energy of <— 200 W-hr/kg, a specific power of at least 200 W/kg, and a lifetime of 3-5 yrs. The projected performance requirements for a battery for off-peak energy storage are a maximum cost of 12-15/kW-hr, a specific power of /—50 W/kg, and a minimum lifetime of 5-10 yrs. 

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