Automatic programming

Barstow, D., A perspective on automatic programming. In Readings in Artificial Intelligence and Software Engineering (C. Rich and R.C. Waters, eds.), pp. 537-539. Morgan Kaufmann, San Mateo, CA, 1986. 

Further development of existing machine concepts will come through increased use of electronics (for all basic functions, such as agitation, water level, temperature control, water and suds monitoring, as well as for automatic program modification)... 

In principle, it is not a big step from a system protected against all malfunctions to a fully automatic, program-controlled plant, though the complexity of the electrical circuits, of course, increases significantly. 

Once this is done, additional 2 min will be automatically programmed into each subsequent cycle. 

Langdon, W. B. Genetic Programming and Data Structures Genetic Programming + Data Structures=Automatic Programming. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Boston, 1998. 

Leading references to the self-consistent field method employed here are cited by Pople, J. A., /. Phys. Chem. 61, 6 (1957). Calculations of the Hiickel and SCF orbitals were executed on an IBM-7090 computer using an entirely automatic program written by Dr. Bessis of the Centre de Mecanique Ondulatoire Appliqufee, Paris, France. 

Zemaitis, J. F., Jr. Rafal, M., "Automatic Program Generation Applied to Chemical Equilibria and Reactions in a Fractionation Tower Design -FRACHEM", Paper presented to AIChE Meeting in Chicago, November 1976. 

Using these methods to describe an aqueous electrolyte system with its associated chemical equilibria involves a unique set of highly nonlinear algebraic equations for each set of interest, even if not incorporated within the framework of a complex fractionation program. To overcome this difficulty, Zemaitis and Rafal (8) developed an automatic system, ECES, for finding accurate solutions to the equilibria of electrolyte systems which combines a unified and thermodynamically consistent treatment of electrolyte solution data and theory with computer software capable of automatic program generation from simple user input. 

Microprocessor control generally results in less operator attention required, higher levels of reliability, and ease of changing groups of set points. Other advantages are automatically programmed startup sequences, over temperature alarm, thermocouple loss alarm, heater failure alarms, and closer temperature control accuracy (Chapter 3). 

Automatic programming is the task of constructing and running an algorithm which can create and test its own computer programs. In its idealised form, GP generates programs in an entirely automatic fashion to solve problems posed by the user. 

Each of us is in a profound trance, consensus consciousness, a state of partly suspended animation, of stupor, of inability to function at our maximum level. Automatized and conditioned patterns of perception, thinking, feeling, and behaving dominate our lives. For too much of life, we are like the evolved crane/sorter we appear to be intelligent and conscious, but it is all automatized programs. Many of these automatized and conditioned patterns may have been adaptive once upon a time, but they don t work well anymore indeed, they may destroy us. We live in and contribute to mass insanity. 

A World Wide Web site [239] has been set up to provide software for the investigation and reduction of combustion mechanisms. The programs available include MECHMOD, a code for the automatic modification of CHEMKIN format combustion mechanisms, and KINALC, which is an almost automatic program for the investigation and reduction of gas-phase reaction mechanisms. KINALC is a postprocessor to CHEMKIN-based simulation packages SENKIN, PREMIX, OPPDIF, RUNIDL, PSR, SHOCK and EQLIB. 

Present-day colorimeters and spectrophotometers show little resemblance to their predecessors of 25 years ago. As independent instruments they now seem to be at the limit of their development, but they are increasingly incorporated into automatic analytical systems and as monitors for chromatography columns. New developments and components (B9, C27) give better spectral resolution and sensitivity and allow some degree of automatic programming and control, but in clinical chemistry the more complex instruments are likely to be in competition with alternative methods such as GLC, NMR, and mass spectrometry. 

The PTGC technique involves increasing the column temperature at a preset rate during the elution process. This rate may be constant throughout the run, or periods of isothermal operation may be automatically programmed at set times between temperature increases. Generally, the electronically controlled ovens are designed to increase temperature at rates from 0.5-30°C per minute. The initial temperature should be chosen to minimize the retention time for the least retained solute, while the final temperature must be sufficient to elute the least volatile compound in a reasonable time. The instrument then automatically resets the temperature to the initial value in preparation for the next sample. 

Visser, J.W., A Fully Automatic Program for Finding the Unit Cell from Powder Data, J. Appl. Cryst. 2 89 (1969). 

Ito A Eully Automatic Program for Finding Crysfire, Fullprof Suite... 

Few definitive thermal studies of metal-containing polymers (with the exception of silicon-containing polymers) exist in the literature. Thermal analysis is typically done as a matter of preliminary testing on new polymers. Further, most of the studies were done prior to the advent of the automatic, programmed thennal analysis instruments. 

Bates, R A., L. A. Kelley, R. M. MacCallum, and M. J. Sternberg. 2001. Enhancement of protein modeling by human intervention in applying the automatic programs 3D-JIGSAW and 3D-PSSM. Proteins S5 39-46. 

This type of system is most commonly used in the collection and preconcentration of toxic substances from the atmosphere by means of withdrawal pumps fitted to small columns located at strategic points and connected to an automatic programmed thermal desorption instrument coupied to a gas chromatograph. A detailed description of these systems is given in Chapter 12. 

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