Automatic mapping

Stack) a selected range of columns is automatically mapped into a stack of histograms on common x- and y-scales the vertical offset between histograms corresponds to the largest frequency found in all bins. 

The isoxazolidine library prepared according to Scheme 16.1 was embedded in a KBr window by pressing. An area of 3x3 mm2 was automatically mapped. When the polystyrene absorption at 1942 cm 1 was used to visualize the IR map, all resin beads on the surface were detected (Fig. 16.14). 

Summary. This chapter introduces the concept of seismic texture analysis. Several seismic textures and their geological messages are described with respect to depo-sitional history and reservoir quaUty. Finally, a strategy of how to automatically map these textures is recommended and limitations of this method are mentioned. 

The following of this chapter explains (1) the principals of seismic facies analysis, (2) what kind of principal external shapes and internal textures are desirable to extract, and, (3) what kind of strategy should be developed to achieve an automatic mapping of the specified features. The attention of this chapter is directed to carbonate mounds of the Barents Sea and their seismic facies. 

Fig. 3. Scheme explaining the mapping of reflection terminations. The solid line in the middle indicates an area where reflections terminate with an angle onto a surface (sequence boundary, see annotation). This surface, however, continues into areas where no terminations exist (left and right solid line, see annotations). It is important to automatically map also the continuation of the termination surface into areas where no reflection terminations occur. 

In general, the advantages of using an automated method may be comparable to those of SA refinement in X-ray crystallography [68], where many of the operations necessary to refine a structure can be done automatically and the remaining manual interventions are easier because the SA refinement usually results in a more easily interpreted electron density map. Automated methods are usually used in combination with manual assignment. However, fully automated assignment of the NOEs is possible (see Eig. 7) [69]. 

Figure 9.2-2 shows a data input screen in which general characteristics are input by radio buttons and numerical data is typed. The program calculates distances to specified in.sic concentrations and other requested consequence levels automatically. Results are available in a variety of formats including cloud footprints, sideview, cross section, pool evaporation rate, concentration vs distance and heat flux contours. Figure 9.2-3 shows the calculated results as a toxic plume. superimposed on the map with and without oligomerization. 

Using the map, the risks involved in the placing of chemical substances on particular shelves, with respect to proximity to exits and automatic extinguishing equipment can be assessed, and can help form decisions as to whether to reposition the substance, or replace it with a lower risk but equivalent compound. 

The advantages associated with the MAP technology as compared to conventional and automatic Soxhlet methods are considerable (Table 3.33). In MAP high sensitivity and selectivity by fractionation are achieved using different extraction media with similar, or better, linearity and reproducibility parameters. One of the principle features of the process is the lower temperatures observed in the microwave-extracted materials in contrast to volumetric heating usually experienced in traditional solvent procedures. These lower temperatures... 

The Physical Electronics 680 Nanoprobe employs a field emission electron gun, and this results in a spatial resolution of less than lOnm. Ion bombardment for depth profiling is available in the SAM, and both the electron beam and the ion beam are computer controlled so that depth profiles can be run automatically, and maps and line scan of Auger electron distributions can be generated. 

A 10 mM ionic strength universal buffer mixture, consisting of Good zwitterio-nic buffers, [174] and other components (but free of phosphate and boric acid), is used in the pION apparatus [116,556], The 5-pKa mixture produces a linear response to the addition of base titrant in the pH 3-10 interval, as indicated in Fig. 7.53. The robotic system uses the universal buffer solution for all applications, automatically adjusting the pH with the addition of a standardized KOH solution. The robotic system uses a built-in titrator to standardize the pH mapping operation. 

He et al. (2002) used an off-line HPLC/CE method to map cancer cell extracts. Frozen ovarian cancer cells (containing 107 cells) were reconstituted in 300 pL of deionized water and placed in an ultrasonic bath to lyse the cells. Then the suspension was centrifuged and the solubilized proteins were collected for HPLC fractionation. The HPLC separation was carried out on an instrument equipped with a RP C-4 column, 250 mm x 4.6 mm, packed with 5-pm spherical silica particles. Extracted proteins were dissolved in 300 pL of DI water, and lOOpL was injected onto the column at a flow rate of 1 mL/min. Buffer A was 0.1% TEA in water and buffer B was 0.1% TFA in acetonitrile. A two-step gradient, 15-30% B in 15 min followed by 30-70% B in 105 min, was used. The column effluent was sampled every minute into a 96-well microtiter plate with the aid of an automatic fraction collector. After collection, the fractions were dried at room temperature under vacuum. The sample in each well was reconstituted before the CE analysis with 10 pL deionized water. The... 

For the planning of a multipurpose plant one has to map the structure of a master recipe to the detailed device structure of the plant with regard to a given time in the future. This process can be done automatically, e.g., with the SAP ERP system where it is called convert. The result is a process order as a concretization of a master recipe. A process order tells the production operator at which time and on which device a given batch production step has to be executed. This simple conversion can result in a situation where a selected device is already allocated to a different process order at the given time, thus the production plan may not be feasible. 

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