Australia grants

B. Bubela. In situ biological production of surfactants for enhanced oil recovery. Australia Dep Resources Energy End of Grant Rep 151, March 1983. 

This work was supported by USPHS grant DA-00266 and Research Scientist Award DA-00074 to S.H.S., National Institutes of Health Traning Grant GM-07626 to B.L. Largent, and a grant from the McKnight Foundation. A.L. Gundlach is the recipient of a National Health and Medical Research Council (Australia) C.J. Martin Fellowship. 

The authors wish to thank Alcoa of Australia for granting Philip Loh a scholarship... 

Cruciferous species, in which the glucosinolates are biologically active compounds (44), have been studied in both of the latter categories. In Australia, allelopathy has been associated with introduced crucifers such as Brassica tournefortii Gouan (wild turnip) and a more complete study has been made of Camelina sativa (L.) Grants (false flax). 

Generally, if the invention has been disclosed to the public, even by one of the inventors, before the filing date of the patent application the invention is no longer novel and so a patent cannot be granted. However, major exceptions to this are in the USA and Canada where a one-year grace period for inventor disclosures applies. Some, more restricted, grace periods apply in other countries such as Japan and Australia. 

While TRIPS does not require countries to grant patents on new uses of existing medicines, the U.S.-Morocco, U.S.-Australia, and U.S.-Bahrain FTAs do, enabling companies to extend patent terms on existing products, thereby "evergreening" their monopolies (MSF 2004), and indefinitely keeping generic competitors out of the market. 

The author is Project Director and a Chief Investigator under an Australian Research Council Grant to investigate the impact of international trade agreements on access to medicines in Australia. The ARC was not involved in the preparation of this chapter. 

A9-THC is marketed as marinol or dronabinol for the treatment of chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting in Australia, Canada, Israel, South Africa and the USA. It was granted orphan drug status in the US for the stimulation of appetite and prevention of weight loss in patients with a confirmed diagnosis of AIDS. A9-THC is in phase I trials for spasticity, multiple sclerosis and postoperative pain. Several small clinical studies have confirmed the effectiveness of A9-THC as an analgesic, with doses of 15 to 20 mg being comparable to 60 to 120 mg of codeine (Williamson and Evans, 2000). 

In the United States the FDA granted general use approval for neotame as a sweetener and flavour enhancer in July 2002. At the time of writing it is also approved in Australia, New Zealand, China, Mexico, Costa Rica and Puerto Rico. Neotame was submitted to the EU SCF in 2001 for evaluation and to date no evaluation has been published. Poland has granted temporary approval for neotame and it is also approved in the Czech Republic and Romania. 

S.P.J. Higson, Sensor International Patent PCT/GB96/00922, continuation of UK patent 9507991—filed 19th November 1996. Patents granted to date in Europe, US, Canada, Japan and Australia. 

G.H. Goodfellow, K. Durette, D.M. Grant, Structure-Function Studies of Human Arylamine Acetyltrans-ferases The Role of Amino Acids 125 and 127 in Imparting Arylamine Acceptor Substrate Specificity , First International Workshop on the Arylamine N-Acetyltransferases, Cairns, Australia, October, 22-24, 1998. 

The author would like to acknowledge the Literature Board of the Australia Council for the granting of a Category B fellowship during the writing of this book. 

EG and JDW gratefully acknowledge the Ian Potter Foundation (Australia) for a grant for the establishment of a biomarker facility at the Howard Florey Institute. DPS is a Wellcome Trust Travelling Fellow. 

This work was supported by Grants from the National Heart Foundation of Australia and the National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia. The authors thank Mrs. Joanna Fenton for assistance in preparing this manuscript. 

The United States Congress has seen fit to grant patents on new chemical substances, regardless of how they are made. A few major industrial countries follow suit, some with limitations as to the field of use. Examples are Great Britain, France, Canada (except foods and medicines), Australia, South Africa, India, and Pakistan. But most countries limit patent protection to processes. Germany and most other European countries are examples. Thus, it may be advisable to patent as many processes as possible leading to a desired end product. 

Acknowledgements. The author wishes to acknowledge a Flagship Fellowship grant from CSIRO during which this chapter was prepared. In particular, thanks for discussions and contribution are due to Jay Sellahewa, Charles Chessari, Aung Htoon, Manoj Rout and Helene Chanvrier, aU of Food Science Australia, North Ryde. 

We are grateful to Professor S. Ooi and Dr. I. Kinoshita of Osaka City University, Japan, and Professor T. G. Appleton, University of Queensland, Australia, for providing us with their results prior to publication. Financial support by a Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research on Priority Area (No, 03231105) from the Ministry of Education, Science, and Culture, Japan, is gratefully acknowledged. 

Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Australian National University, Canberra, A.C.T. 2600, Australia. The authors wish to thank Dr. B. Tomkins for helpful discussions and the Australian Research Grants Committee for supporting the work. 

Other countries have followed the U.S. lead regarding patent term extension. Japan enacted a provision effective January 1, 1986, whereby patents covering pharmaceutical products could be extended for up to 5 years. The Japanese provisions differ from the U.S. law in several ways. First, more than one patent can be extended for each product. Also, the Japanese law requires that the patent be granted 2 years before health authority approval of the product. Korea has enacted a patent term extension law very similar to that in the Japanese system. Australia has replaced its lack of renumeration system with a system based on regulatory delay. 

Grant, K. Aitchison, G.D. (1970) The engineering significance of silcretes and ferricretes in Australia. Engineering Geology 4, 93-120. 

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