Augmented adverse reactions

It is well documented that certain viral infections are associated with the induction and/or exacerbation of allergic reactions [84-86]. Moreover, infection with HCV, HAV and HBV can be associated with increased IgE levels [30, 31] and certain allergic manifestations [28]. In addition, HIV-1 infection can be associated with increased IgE levels [33-42] and augmented prevalence of adverse reactions to drugs and urticarial rash [47-48], Similarly, certain bacterial infections (e.g. S. aureus) can exacerbate atopic dermatitis [62-64], certain forms of allergic rhinitis [65, 66], and asthma [87], Therefore, it appears that viral and bacterial infections can be involved in the induction and/or exacerbation of respiratory and skin allergies. 

Adverse reactions to drugs can be divided into type A (augmented) and type B (bizarre). 

Soft tissue augmentation using liquid silicone, which was initially thought to be inert, provoking little local or no systemic response, has increased and various adverse reactions have been reported, in some cases months or even years after initial exposure. For example, male-to-female transsexual patient who had received liquid silicon hip injections for cosmetic augmentation developed silicon-induced granulomas causing hypercalcemia and subsequent renal failure years after the injection [64 ]. 

Augmentation therapy for alphai-antitryp-sin uses partially purified plasma, which is highly enriched with alphai-antitrypsin. Adverse reactions to this are rare (under 0.03 events per patient-month) and generally mild. They include headache, dizziness, nausea, and dyspnea [34 ]. 

The most frequent adverse effect of mesulergine is dyskinesia, mostly in patients who have had similar reactions with levodopa. Orthostatic light-headedness and visual hallucinations are also common. Other adverse effects include anorexia, nausea, drowsiness, ankle swelling, insomnia, confusion, irritability, visual disturbance, chest pain, rash, and augmented body odor. 

Bean (B12) found that hypophysectomy provided appreciable protection against the acute and chronic adverse effects of OHP he noted increased latency of onset of neuromuscular reactions, decreased incidence of reactions, decreased severity of reactions, decrease in permanent effects, decreased mortality, and less severe pulmonary damage. Part of the protective action of hypophysectomy could be ascribed to loss of adrenocortical function. Cortisone augments oxygen toxicity (B13). The rest of the protective effect of h3q)ophysectomy is probably attributable to the loss of thyroid... 

Despite significant research in the field of adverse drug reactions, the understanding of their mechanisms is still rudimentaiy. Most adverse dmg reactions are characterized as type A or augmented and occur because the dose was too high, or the... 

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