Auger electron spectroscopy , helium

Auger electrons are not emitted by helium and hydrogen and the sensitivity increases with atomic number. The detection sensitivity ranges from about 10 at% (atomic per cent) for lithium to 0.01 at% for uranium. Auger electron spectroscopy can detect the presence of specific atoms but to quantify the amount requires calibration standards that are close to the composition of the sample. With calibration, composition can be established to 10%. Where there is a mixture of several materials, some of the Auger peaks can overlap, but by analyzing the whole spectrum the spectrum can be deconvoluted into individual spectra. 

There are several cascade codes developed for reproducing the cascade decays of exotic atoms (see, e.g., Borie and Leon 1980 Markushin 1999 Jensen and Markushin 2002). The cascade process is studied by detecting X-rays and Auger electrons from transitions in all exotic atoms and via laser spectroscopy in metastable antiprotonic helium (see O Sect. 28.6.3.2). It was experimentally observed that medium-heavy muonic atoms such as p Ar lose all atomic electrons via Auger effect by the time the muon reaches the ground state (Bacher et al. 1988). 

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