Attraction, of unlike charges

An electrophile will attack a diene to produce the delocalized allylic cation. The partial charge on each end of the allylic system will be different if the substitution at each end of the allylic unit is different. Since the attraction of unlike charges contributes greatly to the bringing of nucleophile and electrophile together (hard-hard), the latter the partial plus is on an atom, the greater a n atively charged nucleophile is attracted to it. 

Experiments showing the attraction of unlike charges of electricity and the repulsion of like charges. 

Particles such as electrons and muons are not made up of quarks, and they are thus insensitive to the strong force. It is electrical attraction between unlike charges that binds electrons in atoms. Both electrons and muons belong to a class of particles called leptons, and there are six of them, just as there are six quarks. The six leptons are the electron, the muon, the tauon (named after the Greek letter tau), and three different kinds of neutrinos, which are called electron neutrino, muon neutrino, and tauon neutrino. 

Bound orbits due to the attraction between unlike charges (or due to gravity, which has the same functional form) are all circles or ellipses. We will consider the circular case first. Suppose a particle of mass m is moving counterclockwise in a circular orbit of radius R in the. rv-plane. The particle s position r = (x,y,z) can be described by the equations... 

Under conditions more favorable to ionic reactions, the approach of a positively or negatively charged ion or pole induces a charge separation like the one shown in B, and the reaction then occurs through the attraction of unlike electrical charges for each other. For example ... 

If the charges are of unlike charge they will be attracted to each other, and work would have to be done by an external force to negate this attraction and force them further apart. Again four situations can envisaged with conclusions similar to those above. 

The dispersion attraction (3) is a universal attraction that comes from instantaneous dipole-dipole attractions of induced charge distributions on one molecule due to the other. This attraction, unlike the electrostatic component, even exists... 

Beyond infinite dilution, at practical concentrations, ions in solution are sufficiently near each other to interact electrostatically ions of like charge sign repel each other and those of unlike charge sign attract each other. The average distance apart of the ions, Sect. 2.2.1., is consttained by their concentrations ... 

The less the distance between two charges, the greater the force of attraction between unlike charges (or repulsion between identical charges). The force of attraction (F) can be expressed using the following equation ... 

An ionic bond is formed by transfer of valence electrons between two different atoms, resulting in a positive and a negative ion, and the resultant electrostatic attraction between these ions of unlike charges. Large differences in electronegativity favor ionic bonding. The archetypal ionic... 

Electrostatic effects—attraction of opposite charges and repulsion of like charges— play a major role in determining the energy states of many-electron atoms. Unlike the H atom, in which there is only the attraction between nucleus and electron and the energy state is determined only by the n value, the energy states of many-electron atoms are also affected by electron-electron repulsions. You ll see shortly how these... 

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