Attenuation limit

A complex representation of IMPS data obtained for the heterogeneous quenching of ZnTPPC -diferrocenylethane is displayed in Fig. 21(a). The semicircular response in the first quadrant corresponds to the competition between product separation and back electron transfer, while the lower quadrant is determined by the i uQi constant. The i uQi attenuation limited the frequency range to less than 1 kHz. Equation (45) describes the experimental spectra at various Galvani potential differences [solid lines in Fig. 21(a)],... 

In the near-IR, sensors almost exclusively rely on silica fibres (standard or low-OH) as they are accepted as industrially fully applicable32, 33 Silica-based glass fibres are chemically and mechanically robust, easy to handle, inexpensive, available with various core and outer diameters, a core-clad transfer fibres or bare sensing fibres, and have successfully been optimised to their theoretical attenuation limit.34. The spectral window allows application up to 2,5 pm. 

Algae colonize both natural (cobbles and sediments, macrophytes and wood) and artificial substrata (walls, infrastructures). Light attenuation limits the development of the algal community to the shallow areas of the river. Benthic chlorophyll in the... 

With the exceptions noted, the amount of alkaloid injected was 0.1 /jg in 1 m1 of solution at attenuation X 20. This is not the minimum detectable amount (MDA) but represents the amount necessary to produce a peak height of at least 1 inch at attenuation X 20, which is a practical attenuation limit for the extraction procedures described (see text). 

Attenuation-limited operation The condition prevailing when the received signal amplitude (rather... 

For physiologically realistic motions to follow in a simulation where the external (to the knee) AP force and IE torque are (force) controlled, the system requires additional simulation of the ligament and other soft tissue constraints that would occur in vivo. This soft tissue restraint would act to attenuate/limit the motions in vivo in response to... 

With a standard image intensifier, characterized by a gain of more than x10,000, the quantum well effect is clearly avoided. Nevertheless this very high gain reduces the image dynamics unless strong attenuation is introduced at the tube output (iris or neutral filter). Also a standard intensifier is bulky, affected by pincushion distortion and magnetic fields which can be a serious limitation in some applications. 

In this paper we propose a multivariable regression approach for estimating ultrasound attenuation in composite materials by means of pulse-echo measurements, thus overcoming the problems with limited access that is the main drawback of through-transmission testing. 

For optical transmission, tire parameters of greatest importance are attenuation (i.e. loss) and material dispersion. In effect tliey define tire limits of tire optical communication system. Loss, due to absorjDtion and scattering, limits tire lengtlis between tire transmission nodes. In transmission quality fibre, tire loss is in units of decibels per kilometre. 

Amplifier bandwidth. The range of signal frequencies over which an amplifier is capable of undistorted or unattenuated transmission. An operational amplifier should transmit DC voltage accurately the upper (bandwidth) limit is defined as the 3-dB point (attenuation factor of two). Because bandwidth can vary with gain, the product of gain x bandwidth can be a more useful parameter. 

Lead-loaded plastics containing up to 90 wt % lead are used in x-ray protection as aprons and temporary shields in medical and industrial appHcations. Leaded glass is used to attenuate radiation where viewing the ongoing process is requited. Steel-jacketed containers fihed with lead or special lead containers are used to transfer, ship, and store fuel rods, radioactive sources, and nuclear waste. Lead is generahy used where space is limited. 

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