Attention-deficit labeling

Somoza EC, Winhusen TM, Bridge TP, et al An open-label pilot study of methylpheni-date in the treatment of cocaine-dependent patients with adult attention deficit/ hyperactivity disorder. J Addict Dis 23 77—92, 2004 Sora 1, Wichems C, Takahashi N, et al Cocaine reward models conditioned place preference can be established in dopamine- and in serotonin-transporter knockout mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 95 7699-7704, 1998 Soral, Hall FS, Andrews AM, etal Molecular mechanisms of cocaine reward combined dopamine and serotonin transporter knockouts eliminate cocaine place preference. Proc Nad Acad Sci U S A 98 5300-5305, 2001 Spear J, Alderton D Psychosis associated with prescribed dexamphetamine use 0etter). 

Adler, L., Resnick, S., Kunz, M. and Devinsky, O. (1995) Open-label trial of venlafaxine in attention deficit disorder. In New Clinical... 

Spencer, X, Biederman, J., Heiligenstein, J., Wilens, X, Paries, D., Prince, J., Earaone, S.V., Rea, J., Witcher, J., and Zeras, S. (2001) An open-label, dose-ranging study of atomoxetine in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol 11 ... 

Kratochvil CJ, Bohac D, Harrington M, et al An open-label trial of atomoxetine in pediatric attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol 11 167—170, 2001... 

Recently developed drugs, known as ampakines, have been clinically shown to enhance learning and memory skills. These "smart pills" are being developed as a possible treatment for narcolepsy, attention deficit disorder, and Alzheimer s disease. Once approved by the FDA, physicians can prescribe them for off-label uses, such as jet lag or age-related forgetfulness.These agents act primarily within the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord), and they do not cause the jitteriness commonly associated with caffeine or amphetamines. 

In 1993, neurologist Fred Baughman Jr. noted that studies have failed to confirm any definite improvement from the drug treatment of ADHD-labeled children. Baughman cited estimates of the frequency of ADHD, which varies from 1 in 3 to 1 in 1,000. He therefore asked, Is attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, after all, in the eye of the beholder ... 

Rugino TA, Copley TC. Effects of modafinil in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder an open-label study. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2001 40(2) 230-5. 

Norepinephrine reuptake antagonists (NETs) have antidepressant activity and have been found to be effective in the treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). (/ )-tomoxetine (Strattera ) 95 is a marketed drug with a label indication for ADHD. Control of the absolute stereochemistry of these compounds is critical in that the (S) enantiomer is nine times less potent. The CBS reduction could be used to set the desired chirality as demonstrated in the reduction of 93 to produce alcohol 94.26 This intermediate could then be readily converted into 95. 

Many American children are being prescribed antipsychotic drugs for attention deficit disorder or other behavioral problems. Drugs such as Zyprexa and Risperdal are often sold for off-label use. What is needed is scientific documentation of the value of these uses at the molecular as well as psychological levels. 

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