Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in adults

Maidment ID. The use of antidepressants to treat attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in adults. J Psychopharmacol 2003 17(3) 332-336. 

Wender, P.H. and Reimherr, EW. (1990) Bupropion treatment of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder in adults. Am J Psychiatty... 

Wilens, T.E., Spencer, T.J., Biederman J., Girard, K., Doyle, R., Prince, J., Polisner, D., Solhkhah, R., Comeau, S., Monuteaux M.C., and Parekh, A. (2001) A controlled clinical trial of bupropion for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in adults. Am J Psychiatty 158 282-288. 

It has been suggested that abnormalities in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in children and adults may be similar to those seen in early stages of PD (McCracken 1991). Of interest is that nicotinic mechanisms interact closely with dopamine systems (Kirch et al. 1988) and that nicotinic receptors may serve to regulate dopamine release (Clarke and Pert 1985 Rapier et al. 1990) in striatal and mesolimbic pathways. Nicotine is now being tried as an experimental treatment for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in adults (Levin et al. 1995). 

Faraone, S.V., Biederman, J., Spencer, T., et ah Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in adults an overview. Biol. Psychiatry 48, 9-20, 2000. 

Dr. Lynn Crismon s work in developing the Texas Medication Algorithms for treatment of depression in children and adults and the treatment of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder in children" "" laid the groundwork for psychiatric pharmacists to work with psychiatrists, psychologists, other health care professionals, and consumer groups to develop and implement national therapeutic guidelines. 

OTHER THERAPEUTIC USES OE THESE DRUGS The various antidepressant agents have found broad utility in other disorders that may not be related psychobiologicaUy to the mood disorders. Current applications include rapid but temporary suppression of enuresis with low (e.g., 25 mg) pre-bedtime doses of tricyclic antidepressants, including imipramine and nortriptyline, by uncertain mechanisms in children and in geriatric patients, as well as a beneficial effect of duloxetine on urinary stress incontinence. Antidepressants have a growing role in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in children and adults, for which imipramine, desipramine, and nortriptyline appear to be effective, even in patients responding poorly to or who are intolerant of the stimulants (e.g., methylphenidate). Newer NE selective reuptake inhibitors also may be useful in this disorder atomoxetine is approved for this application. Utility of SSRIs in this syndrome is not established, and bupropion, despite its similarity to stimulants, appears to have limited efficacy. 

Somoza EC, Winhusen TM, Bridge TP, et al An open-label pilot study of methylpheni-date in the treatment of cocaine-dependent patients with adult attention deficit/ hyperactivity disorder. J Addict Dis 23 77—92, 2004 Sora 1, Wichems C, Takahashi N, et al Cocaine reward models conditioned place preference can be established in dopamine- and in serotonin-transporter knockout mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 95 7699-7704, 1998 Soral, Hall FS, Andrews AM, etal Molecular mechanisms of cocaine reward combined dopamine and serotonin transporter knockouts eliminate cocaine place preference. Proc Nad Acad Sci U S A 98 5300-5305, 2001 Spear J, Alderton D Psychosis associated with prescribed dexamphetamine use 0etter). 

MPH is an amphetamine-like prescription stimulant commonly used to treat Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and narcolepsy in children and adults. LC/APCI-MS enantiomeric separations of racemic MPH (Ritalin ) were reported using a commercially available vancomycin CSP [111-113]. 

Levitan, R. D., Masellis, M., Basile, V. S., et al. (2002) Polymorphism of the serotonin-2A receptor gene (HTR2A) associated with childhood attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in adult women with seasonal affective disorder. J. Ajfect. Disord. 71, 229-233. 

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, facilitating alcohol and drug abuse in an adult. Harefuah 1997 132(9) 618-622, 680. 

Increased striatal dopamine transporter in adult patients with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder effects of methyl-... 

Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is the most common juvenile psychiatric disorder presenting to mental health workers, child psychiatrists, and pediatricians. This disorder is one of the major clinical and public health problems because of its associated morbidity and disability in children, adolescents, and adults. Its relevance to society is significant in terms of financial cost, stress to families, and impact on academic and vocational activities, as well as the negative effects on self-esteem. 

Biederman, J., Wilens, T., Mick, E., Milberger, S., Spencer, T., and Faraone, S., (1995b) Psychoactive substance use disorder in adults with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder effects of ADHD and psychiatric comorbidity. Am J Psychiatry 152 1652— 1658. 

Spencer, T. Biederman, J., Wilens, X, Prince, J., Hatch, M., Jones, J., Harding, M., Earaone, S.V., and Seidman, L. (1998c) Effectiveness and tolerability of tomoxetine in adults with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Am J Psychiatry 155 693-695. 

Spencer T, Biederman J, Wilens T, et al Effectiveness and tolerability of atomoxetine in adults with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Am J... 

Data support its usefulness in conditions not typically responsive to other antidepressants, specifically adult attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) ( 169) and smoking cessation (170). 

Wilens TE, Biederman J, Mick E, et al. A systematic assessment of tricyclic antidepressants in the treatment of adult attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. J Nerv Ment Dis 1995 183 48-50. 

The utility of this model was further evaluated by establishing the procognitive effects of established attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) agents in the juvenile rat pups.82-83 Methylphenidate (Ritalin ) was tested in the juvenile pup model to assess its effects on acquisition in the PAR. Methylphenidate (3 mg/kg, ip) was chosen as an intermediate dose, which in adult rats provided dear evidence of psychostimulant activity. Pretreatment (20 min) of the pups with methylphenidate produced a significant, improvement in the acquisition of the PAR (Fig. 6). 

Methylphenidate (MPH), one of the most commonly prescribed psychoactive drugs in the United States, is the drug of choice for the treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in children, adolescents, and adults. It is also a drug of choice for thieves MPH is on the U.S. Department of Justice s Drug Enforcement Administration s (DEA) list of the top 10 prescription drugs most often stolen. 

Initially, the neuroleptics were used to manage severe anxiety, agitation, and aggression in individuals with severe mental illness such as schizophrenia, a psychotic illness characterized by delusions, hallucinations, and disorganized, illogical thinking. The first neuroleptic used in schizophrenia was chlorpromazine (Thorazine) in 1952. Additional neuroleptics were later developed to treat a variety of other disorders and conditions in children and adults, including autism, attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), bipolar dis-... 

At the time of the first edition of this book in 1983, the organization called itself CH.A.D.D. That has been simplified to CHADD. Its official name has been expanded into Children and Adults with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorders. 

Ernst M, Zametkin AJ, Matochik JA, Jons PH, Cohen RM (1998) DOPA decarboxylase activity in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder adults A (fluorine-18) fluorodopa positron emission tomographic study. J Neurosci 75 5901-5907. 

Methylphenidate (Ritalin). Ritalin is a sympathomimetic agent with psychostimulant properties similar to S(+)-amphetamine. It is widely used to treat attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in children and adults. There has been increasing diversion and abuse of methylphenidate among children and adults for its stimulant and purported aphrodisiac properties. In overdose, the clinical effects of methylphenidate are similar to those of amphetamine. Relatively few cases of serious overdose have been reported. 

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