Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder dopamine

Somoza EC, Winhusen TM, Bridge TP, et al An open-label pilot study of methylpheni-date in the treatment of cocaine-dependent patients with adult attention deficit/ hyperactivity disorder. J Addict Dis 23 77—92, 2004 Sora 1, Wichems C, Takahashi N, et al Cocaine reward models conditioned place preference can be established in dopamine- and in serotonin-transporter knockout mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 95 7699-7704, 1998 Soral, Hall FS, Andrews AM, etal Molecular mechanisms of cocaine reward combined dopamine and serotonin transporter knockouts eliminate cocaine place preference. Proc Nad Acad Sci U S A 98 5300-5305, 2001 Spear J, Alderton D Psychosis associated with prescribed dexamphetamine use 0etter). 

The exact cause of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder is unknown, but dysfunction in neurotransmitters norepinephrine and dopamine has been implicated as a key component. 

Dresel, S., Krause, J., Krause, K. H. et al. Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder binding of 99mTc TRODAT-1 to the dopamine transporter before and after methylphenidate treatment. Eur. J. Nucl. Med. 27 1518-1524,2000. 

Vandenbergh, D. J., Thompson, M. D., Cook, E. H., et al. (2000) Human dopamine transporter gene coding region conservation among normal, Tourette s disorder, alcohol dependence and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder populations. Mol. Psychiatry. 5, 283-292. 

Gornick, M. C., Addington, A., Shaw, P., et al. (2007) Association of the dopamine receptor D4 (DRD4) gene 7-repeat allele with children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) an update. Am. J. Med. Genet. 144, 379-382. 

Dopamine-Stimulating Medications. A variety of drugs that increase the availability of dopamine have been studied in cocaine addicts including L-DOPA, bupropion, amantadine, and methylphenidate. In small uncontrolled trials, these have shown some benefit, but definitive studies have yet to be performed. In addition, some dopamine-stimulating medications (in particular, the stimulants like methylphenidate or the amphetamines) are themselves subject to abuse, though, of note, this is typically not a problem when they are prescribed to patients who do not have a history of substance abuse such as, for example, in the treatment of attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder. 

Curran, S., Mill, J., Tahir, E., Kent, L., Richards, S., Gould, A., Huckett, L., Sharp, J., Batten, C., Fernando, S., Ozbay, F., Yaz-gan, Y., Simonoff, E., Thompson, M., Taylor, E., and Asherson, P. (2001) Association study of a dopamine transporter polymorphism and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in UK and Turkish samples. Mol Psychiatry 6 425-428. 

Faraone, S.V., Doyle, A.E., Mick, E., and Bierderman, J. (2001) Meta-analysis of the association between the 7-repeat allele of the dopamine D4 receptor gene and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Am J Psychiatry 158 1052-1057. 

Gill, M., Daly, G., Heron, S., Haw, Z., and Fitzgerald, M. (1997) Confirmation of association between attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and a dopamine transporter polymorphism. Mol Psychiatry 2 311—313. 

LaHoste, G., Swanson, J., Wigal, S., Glabe, C., Wigal, T, King, N., and Kennedy, J. (1996) Dopamine D4 receptor gene polymorphism is associated with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Mol Psychiatry 1 128-131. 

Waldman, I., Rowe, D., Abramowitz, A., Kozel, S., Mohr, J., Sherman, S., Cleveland, H., Sanders, M., Card, J., and Stever, C. (1998) Association and linkage of the dopamine transporter gene and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder in children heterogeneity owing to diagnostic subtype and severity. Am J Hum Genet 63 1767-1776. 

Dougherty, D.D., Bonab, A.A., Spencer, T.J., Rauch, S.L., Madras, B.K., and Fischman, A.J. (1999) Dopamine transporter density is elevated in patients with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Lancet 354 2132-2133. 

Increased striatal dopamine transporter in adult patients with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder effects of methyl-... 

Faraone, S.V. Biederman. Weiffenbach, B., Keith, T, Chu, M.P., Weaver, A., Spencer, T.., Wilens, T.E., Frazier,., Cleves, M., and Sakai. (1999) Dopamine D4 gene 7-repeat allele and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Am Psychiatry 156 768-770. 

It has been suggested that abnormalities in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in children and adults may be similar to those seen in early stages of PD (McCracken 1991). Of interest is that nicotinic mechanisms interact closely with dopamine systems (Kirch et al. 1988) and that nicotinic receptors may serve to regulate dopamine release (Clarke and Pert 1985 Rapier et al. 1990) in striatal and mesolimbic pathways. Nicotine is now being tried as an experimental treatment for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in adults (Levin et al. 1995). 

Bymaster FP, Katner JS, Nelson DL, et al Atomoxetine increases extracellular levels of norepinephrine and dopamine in prefrontal cortex of rat a potential mechanism for efficacy in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Neuropsychopharmacology 27 699-711, 2002... 

Russell V, de Villiers A, Sagvolden T, et al Differences between electrically, Ritalin-, and D-amphetamine-stimulated release of pH]dopamine from brain slices suggest impaired vesicular storage of dopamine in an animal model of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Behav Brain Res 94 163-171, 1998... 

LaHoste, G. J., J. M. Swanson, S. B. Wigal, C Glabe, T. Wigal, N. King, and J. L Kennedy. 1996. "Dopamine D4 Receptor Gene Polymorphism Is Associated with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder." Molecular Psychiatry 1 121-24. 

Chen CK, Chen SL, Mill J, Huang YS, Lin SK, Curran S, Purcell S, Sham P, Asherson P (2003) The dopamine transporter gene is associated with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in a Taiwanese sample. Mol Psychiatry 8 393-396... 

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