Attacks proportionate

This fast removal of Si-F species can be ascribed to the weakening of the Si backbonds induced by the strong polarizing effect of F [Ubl], The weak back-bonds are then attacked by HF or H20. This reaction scheme for the dissolution process is supported by quantum-chemical calculations [Trl]. The observed dissolution valence of two for Jelectron injection current and Si-F bond density [Be22] are experimental findings that are in support of the divalent dissolution mechanism, as shown in Fig. 4.3 [Lei, Ge7, Ho6]. 

Thus the difference in E is determined by the resonance energies of the attacking and resulting radicals (ea and er), of the substrate (es) and by a proportionality constant a... 

Figure 1.3 shows the rate constants for the hydrolysis of /)-nitrophenyl acetate, catalyzed by the attacks of bases on the carbonyl carbon.There is a rough proportionality between logk and pATa- The scatter is expected when a number of bases of different natures are compared. While F is fairly reactive, Cl , Br and I" show no measurable reactivity. 

Separate deposit samples were oxidised in six different water vapour pressures between 38 and 362 mm Hg (Figure 3). The oxidation kinetics were all of a similar form, in that initially, the rate decreased with burn off up to 5-10% removal and then was essentially linear up to nearly 90% burn off before decreasing with greater attack. The last change was undoubtedly associated with the diminution of the sample size so that the proportionality relationship with the initial sample weight or surface area no longer applied. The mean reaction rates increased in direct proportion with pj o (Figure 4), as observed at 815°C. 

This hypothesis is unvalidated at present, because these case studies employed different methods, are not replicated across genera, variability in natural enemies numbers is complex, and we caimot adequately separate cause and effect. Also, ratios of predators to prey are highly plastic within systems,and predation and competition are not independent owing to dilution effects. We also lack information on its applicability to other systems. Predaceous checkered beetles cause greater proportionate mortality to mountain pine beetle, Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopkins during endemic than eruptive conditions, which is consistent with our model, but not validating without information on the pre-attack chemistry of killed trees. Likewise, predation of southern pine beetle, Dendroctonus frontalis... 

It is within this concept of a zone of proportionality that an assessment must be made of military advantage and its application to determine justifiable collateral effects resulting from an attack. 

To the extent a deterrence theory relies on threatening a painful response to any attack, there remains the issue of proportionality, and whetha a deterrent response can be exercised within the confines of humanitarian law targeting rules. David Kretzmer suggests the [u]se of force that seems to be largely punitive, the primary motive of which is deterrence or which has wide political aims will be regarded as disproportionate. Deterrence is a concept that raises the issue of how the civilian population, including the political leadership, can be lawfully... 

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