Atropine adverse effects

Adverse effects with atropine therapy include dry mouth, myosis, loss of visual accommodations, constipation, and urinary retention. The dmg can also produce flushing, hyperthermia, delirium, tachycardia, and exacerbate glaucoma (85). 

Monitor for adverse effects of medications, such as atropine (dry mouth, mydriasis, urinary retention, and tachycardia). 

Atropine has a mild antispasmodic action on the gallbladder and bile ducts. It has been superseded in gastroenterology by agents with fewer adverse effects. 

The first step in treatment of anticholinesterase poisoning should be injection of increasing doses of atropine sulfate to block all adverse effects resulting from stimulation of muscarinic receptors. Since atropine will not alleviate skeletal and respiratory muscle paralysis, mechanical respiratory support may be required. 

Anesthetic techniques that have minimized adverse effects include the use of muscle relaxants and, more recently, nerve stimulators to assess adequacy of relaxation, the introduction of very rapid acting, short-duration barbiturates, and the use of atropinic agents to minimize the cardiovascular response to a combination of a seizure and anesthesia (93). In addition, 100% oxygenation (adequacy monitored by a pulse oximeter) with positive-pressure ventilation can minimize related cardiac events and memory disruption. 

The major adverse effects of atropine include ventricular fibrillation, tachycardia, nausea, blurred vision, loss of balance and photophobia. It also... 

Disopyramide s atropine-like activity accounts for most of its symptomatic adverse effects urinary retention (most often, but not exclusively, in male patients with prostatic hyperplasia), dry mouth, blurred vision, constipation, and worsening of preexisting glaucoma. These effects may require discontinuation of the drug. 

Fentanyl and its analogs are drugs of abuse. Overdose and dependence may lead to respiratory complications and death.58 Adverse effects can be treated with drugs such as naloxone, atropine, and neuromuscular blockers. In general, interactions are similar to those of opioid analgesics. 

Adverse effects Depending on the dose, atropine may cause dry mouth, blurred vision, sandy eyes , tachycardia, and constipation. Effects on the CNS include restlessness, confusion, halluci-... 

Pharmacokinetics and adverse effects These aspects are similar to those of atropine. 

Antihistaminics are popular as nonprescription (over-the-counter) sleep remedies (e.g., diphenhydramine, doxylamine, p. 118), in which case their sedative side effect is used as the principal effect. The hypnotic effect is weak adverse effects (e.g., atropine-like) and corresponding contraindications need to be taken into account. 

The pharmacology and adverse effects of midazolam in infants and children have been reviewed (4). The optimal dose of intramuscular midazolam for preoperative sedation has been studied in a double-blind prospective study of 600 patients who were age-stratified (51). The patients received intramuscular atropine 0.6 mg and one of five doses of midazolam 15 minutes before induction of anesthesia. For the age groups 20-39, 40-59, and 60-79 years, the optimal sedative and amnesic effects of midazolam were 0.10, 0.08, and 0.04 mg/kg respectively. The frequency with which the undesirable adverse effects of reduced blood pressure, oxygen desaturation, oversedation, loss of eyelash reflex, and tongue root depression occurred increased with age, and optimal doses for a low incidence of adverse effects were 0.08, 0.06, and 0.04 mg/ kg in the same age groups respectively. 

A 79-year-old nursing home patient was given donepezil 50 mg in error. She developed nausea, vomiting, and persistent bradycardia—typical cholinergic adverse effects. She was treated with atropine, 0.2 mg as needed, for bradycardia (total dose 3 mg over 18 hours) and was discharged on the second day. 

Standard therapy of OP poisoning consists of the administration of a combination of atropine, oxime, and diazepam with other supportive measures when necessary. However, the possibility of addition of purified enzymes such as AChE, ChE, CarbE, and A-esterases to this therapeutic scheme has been considered and preliminary experiments in animals have shown much better protective effect after addition of exogenous enzymes. In this respect, protective effects of AChE, ChE, and CarbE are based on formation of covalent conjugates or phosphory-lated enzymes in the stoichiometric ratio 1 1. Capacity for binding of these enzymes is limited by the number of active sites on the enzyme to which OP molecules can be bound. This means that more enzymes have to be administered in order to achieve better detoxification of OPs which may not always be possible due to adverse effects. This can also be infiuenced by differences in the extent of spontaneous reactivation of these enzymes inhibited by OP. 

A study investigating the use of atropine for treatment of amblyopia indicated it was as successful as patching therapy. Subjects were less than 7 years old and tolerated 1% atropine daily for 2 years without adverse effects. See Pediatric Eye Disease Investigator Group.A randomized trial of atropine vs patching for treatment of moderate amblyopia in children. Arch Ophthalmol 2002 120 268-278. 

---