Atomic quantum physics

The main hardware types offered by physics are mentioned, namely trapped ions (or trapped atoms), quantum dots, quantum optical cavities, rf superconducting quantum interference devices (SQUIDs) and nitrogen-vacancy (NV) defects on diamond. Some are important simply as a benchmark to evaluate the quality of the implementations offered by chemistry, whereas others might be combined with lanthanide complexes to produce heterogeneous quantum information processors which combine the advantages of different hardware types. 

Quantum physics makes similar pronouncements when it states that the electron is not somewhere or sometime it is a cloud of probabilities and that is all one can say about it. A similar quality adheres to my idea of time and the comparison of time to an object. If time is an object, then the obvious question to be asked is what is the smallest duration relevant to physical processes The scientific approach would be to keep dividing time into still smaller increments in order to find out if a discrete unit exists. What one is looking for by doing this is a chronon, or a particle of time. I believe the chronon exists, but it is not distinct from the atom. Atomic systems are chronons atoms are simply far more complicated than had been suspected. I believe that atoms have undescribed properties that can account not only for the properties of matter, but for the behavior of space/time as well. 

Having examined the principal concepts of the physics of actinide atoms, we shall now relate results obtained from atomic quantum calculations, with special emphasis on 5f states. 

From R.Eisberg and R.Resnick (1985) Quantum Physics of Atoms, Molecules, Solids, Nuclei and Particles, John Wiley, New York. Courtesy of H.J.Williams, Bell Telephone Laboratories.) (b) magnetic domain patterns on the surface of an individual crystal of iron. (From W.J.Moore (1967) Seven Solid States,... 

ER] Eisberg, R. and R. Resnick, Quantum Physics of Atoms, Molecules,... 

Every chemist is trained in conceptualizing reactions and rearrangements by pushing arrows to track the movement of electrons in the bonds. This is a depiction that chemists have long found useful. Of course, electron pairs do not really move around like this. In the realm of physical reality, interatomic distances lengthen and shorten, and electron density shifts in the course of a reaction, but no electron pairs hop among the bonds and atoms. Quantum mechanics works. 

ERe85] Eisberg R and Resnick R. 1985 Quantum physics of atoms, molecules, solids, nuclei, and particles, 2nd edition (John Wiley Sons, New York). 

The basic energy level diagram was developed at the dawn of quantum physics to explain the absorption and emission characteristics of simple atoms, ions and molecules found in the sun and laboratory flames. 

The mathematical treatment of the Rutherford-Bohr atom was especially productive in Denmark and Germany. It led directly to quantum mechanics, which treated electrons as particles. Electrons, however, like light, were part of electromagnetic radiation, and radiation was generally understood to be a wave phenomenon. In 1924, the French physicist Prince Louis de Broglie (1892-1987), influenced by Einstein s work on the photoelectric effect, showed that electrons had both wave and particle aspects. Wave mechanics, an alternative approach to quantum physics, was soon developed, based on the wave equation formulated in 1926 by the Austrian-born Erwin Schrodinger (1887-1961). Quantum mechanics and wave mechanics turned out to be complementary and both were fruitful for an understanding of valence. 

P. J. Mohr Quantum electrodynamics of high-Z few-electron atoms . In Physics of Highly-ionized Atoms, ed. by R. Marrus (Plenum, New York 1989), pp. 111-141... 

Thus, the interactions with double slits, collimators, etc. signal the source of quantum states located inside the setup, but only one material system sustains quantum states a rubidium atom. The physical quantum states address all possibilities the material system may express. Therefore, the state does not address to the material system as particle so that its whereabouts are not an issue. We summarize the situation by saying that presence of the material system in laboratory space is sufficient yet not its being localized. The concept of presence is required to articulate physical quantum states to the extent they are sustained by material systems. 

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