Resonance atomic beam

Obviously, at that time Ingvar was doing experimental physics and designing new instruments for his experiments. And he has continued to work as an experimentalist and supervise experimental work in atomic beam resonance spectroscopy, laser spectroscopy and environmentally oriented applications, but theoretical work has become an increasingly large part of his scientific activity. Indeed, so much so that in a selective list of his publications that I have obtained, only theoretical publications are mentioned Also, the nuclear physics has to a large extent given way to atomic physics in his research. 

Fig. 5.11 Atomic beam resonance apparatus with combined electron-impact and laser pumping for the sensitive detection of optical-RF double resonance in highly excited states [529]...

Comparison of hyperfine data for the europium atom (triple atomic beam resonance) and for Eu in Cap2 (ENDOR). 

By magnetic properties of free radicals we understand the results of static susceptibility measurements, of electron spin resonance and of atomic beam resonance experiments. 

Atomic beam resonance These investigations yield the g-factor and the coupling parameter... 

This measurement permits the hyperfine structure constant for the 5s state to be determined, since that of the 3s ground state is already accurately known from atomic beam resonance experiments. 

M. Che, M. Richard, and D. OUvier ferromagnetic resonance study of dispersed nickel particles prepared by reduction of nickel ion-exchanged X-zeolites by hydrogen molecules or hydrogen atom beams, J. Chem. Soc. Faraday Trans. 176,1526-1534 (1980). 

The transeinsteinium actinides, fermium (Fm), mendelevium (Md), nobelium (No), and lawrencium (Lr), are not available in weighable (> ng) quantities, so these elements are unknown in the condensed bulk phase and only a few studies of their physicochemical behavior have been reported. Neutral atoms of Fm have been studied by atomic beam magnetic resonance 47). Thermochromatography on titanium and molybdenum columns has been employed to characterize some metallic state properties of Fm and Md 61). This article will not deal with the preparation of these transeinsteinium metals. 

One of the most exciting areas in atomic physics in the last 10 years has been laser cooling of translational motion in atoms to 10 3-10-9 K [9, 10, 15]. Several variations on cooling of atomic translational motion have now been proposed, but the generic scheme is as follows Two monochromatic laser beams are propagated, one along and one opposite an atomic beam by tuning the frequency of the laser to the red of resonance with a sharp... 

The discovery of fermium (also einsteinium) was not the result of very carefully planned experiments, as in the cases of the other trans uranium elements, bill fermiuni and einsteinium were found in Ihe debris of an atomic weapon lest in the Pacific in November 1952. Researchers, using the Oak Ridge High Flux Isotope Reactor (HFIR) which produced 3.2-hour " Fm. determined ihe magnetic moment of the atomic ground state of the neutral fermium atom with a modified atomic beam magnetic resonance... 

Hyperfine structure measurements using on-line atomic-beam techniques are of great importance in the systematic study of spins and moments of nuclei far from beta-stability. We will discuss the atomic-beam magnetic resonance (ABMR) method, and laser spectroscopy methods based on crossed-beam geometry with a collimated thermal atomic-beam and collinear geometry with a fast atomic-beam. Selected results from the extensive measurements at the ISOLDE facility at CERN will be presented. 

The hfs experiments at ISOLDE may be divided into techniques employing atomic-beams and resonance-cells. Here, we will concentrate on the different atomic-beam experiments performed by the groups mentioned above. The present subject has been discussed in some detail in [EKS85], giving e.g. a full reference list on the atomic-beam works at ISOLDE. 

RESONANCE IONIZATION SPECTROSCOPY IN THERMAL ATOMIC BEAMS ... 

The rest of the apparatus is the same as when operated at the Proton Synchrotron. First tested on cesium [ HUB 78 ], [ THI 81 ] the apparatus was used to uncover the resonance lines of francium for which no optical transition had ever been observed. The CERN on line mass separator, Isolde, makes available a source of more than 10 atoms/sec of chemically and isotopically pure 213 Fr isotope. Such an amount is more than needed for a laser atomic beam spectroscopy. The first step is obviously to locate the resonance line at low resolution, using a broad band laser excitation. In a second step, once the line is located, a high resolution study is undertaken, [ LIB 80] and [ BEN 84]. The observed signal is displayed (fig 3a) at low resolution and(3 b)at high resolution. 

The closely allied topics of secondary neutral mass spectrometry (SNMS), fast atom bombardment (FAB), and laser ablation SIMS are important, but are beyond the scope of this chapter. SNMS is a technique in which neutral atoms or molecules, sputtered by an ion beam, are ionized in an effort to improve sensitivity and to decouple ion formation from matrix chemical properties, making quantification easier. This ionization is commonly effected by electron beams or lasers. FAB uses a neutral atom beam to create ions on the surface. It is often useful for insulator analysis. Laser ablation creates ions in either resonant or nonresonant modes and can be quite sensitive and complex. 

Fig. 8. Experimental geometry of laser and atom beams to observe the 2S — nS and 2S — nD two-photon transitions. When the laser frequency is scanned over the resonance, we observe a decrease of the metastable yield (see the inset)...

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