Atmosphere-ice-ocean

However, such an approach decreases the predictive capability and Emits the value for hindcasting of the regional climate of the last centuries. For this purpose atmosphere, ice, and ocean state variables must be simulated jointly, because they require each other mutually for the calculation of surface fluxes. This can be accomplished by coupled atmosphere-ice-ocean simulations, supplemented by a land model to compute the runoff of rivers from the Baltic catchment area. Such coupled model configurations are under development and have been applied for case studies (see Lehmann et al., 2004 Kjellstrom et al., 2005). 

Schrum, C., Hiibner, U., Jacob, D., Podzun, R., 2003. A coupled atmosphere/ice/ocean model for the North Sea and the Baltic Sea. Climate Dynamics, 21, 131-151. 

Another example on the atmosphere-ice-ocean coupling is given in Fig. 12, from January 1987, when cold air was blowing out over the Baltic Sea with strong cloud formation and snow bands. In a study by Andersson and Gustafsson (1994), it was demonstrated that the snow bands over the Baltic Sea were dependent on the geometry of the coastlines, which may drastically change due to die sea ice. 

The previous model setup included an identical horizontal resolution for ocean and atmosphere, and online coupling was implemented in the ECHAM submodel with an exchange rate of 3 hours. In the current model setup atmosphere and ocean are coupled online using the Ocean-Atmosphere-Sea Ice-Soil (OASIS) coupler [Valcke et al (2004)] with a coupling time step of one day. OASIS passes boundary condi-... 

Over recent years, increased computational power and improved efficiency have allowed significant developments and improvements to be applied to climate models [19], including the improved representation of dynamical processes such as advection [20] and an increase in the horizontal and vertical resolution of models. It has also enabled additional processes to be incorporated in models, particularly the coupling of the atmospheric and ocean components of models, the modelling of aerosols and of land surface and sea ice processes. The parame-terisations of physical processes have also been improved. 

Earth area Oceans area Land area Atmosphere mass Ocean mass Pore waters in rocks Water locked in ice Water in lakes, rivers Water in atmosphere Total stream discharge Evaporation = precipitation... 

Grebmeier J.M. Whitledge T.E. Aagaard K. Bergmann M. Carmack E.C. Codispoti L.A. Darby D. Dunton K.H. Melnikov I.A. Moore S. Takizawa T. Walsh J.J. Wassman P. and Wheeler P. (eds.) (2001). Arctic System Science Ocean-Atmosphere-Ice Interactions Western Arctic Shelf-Basin Interactions (SBI). Phase II Field Implementation Plan, SBI Project Office, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, 30 pp. 

Ocean Atmosphere Carbon Exchange Program Ocean-Atmosphere-Ice Interaction... 

Earth area Ocean area Land area Atmosphere mass Ocean mass Groundwater to 750 m Groundwater to 4000 m Water in ice... 

Life on this planet began possibly around 4.2-3.8 Ga ago, although there is a chance it began earlier elsewhere (see Nisbet Sleep 2001, 2002). Before the start of life, the abiotic Earth may have undergone dramatic rapid fluctuations in its surface environment, from long periods of ice-oceans to brief moments of heat, sometimes enough to produce a rock-vapour atmosphere, after major meteorite impacts (Sleep et al. 2001). If life had not begun, what sort of Earth would have developed ... 

Winton, M., 2000. A reformulated three-layer sea ice model. Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic, Technology, 17 (4), 525-531. 

Grebmeier, J.M. etal. (eds) (1998) Arctic System Science Ocean—Atmosphere—Ice Interactions Western Arctic Shelf-Basin Interactions Science Plan, ARCSS/OAII Report 7, Old Dominion... 

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