Asymmetry effects

The unrestricted form of the primitive model (UPM) becomes important for more complex fluid systems. Stell argued that symmetry breaking in the UPM may play an important role in determining critical behavior [17]. In spite of this potential utility, the UPM is rarely explored. In MC simulations of the cluster structure in the UPM, Camp and Patey [259] compared results for asymmetrical charges Xq = z+/z = 1,2,4 at the diameter ratio Xa = vapor phase contains, above all, neutral clusters such as trimers for Xq — 2 and tetrahedral pentamers for Xq = 4, as well as higher clusters. At Xq = 4 asymmetry effects not covered by simple theories seem to play a role. 

When both the asymmetry effect, resulting from the auditory scene analysis, and the temporal weighting are quantified correctly, the correlation between subjective and objective results for both of the speech databases improves significantly. Using % = 4.0 (asymmetry modelling) and a silent interval weighting of 0.1 (denoted as... 

A simplified cognitive correction for modelling the asymmetry effect. 

The wide validation context made it necessary to extend the PAQM method to include some binaural processing. Furthermore different implementations of the asymmetry effect were used and also a first attempt to model informational masking was included [Beerends et al., 1996],... 

One problem of the resulting two cognitive modules is that predicting the subjectively perceived quality is dependent on the experimental context. One has to set values for the asymmetry effect and the weighting of the silent intervals in advance. 

Examples for the many cases where the observed development of optical activity in a reaction could not be reproduced are the photoaddition of H2O2 to diethylfumarate [13] or the thermal decarboxylation of 2-phenyl-2-carboxylbu-tyric acid in cholesteric liquid crystals [14]. On the other hand, spurious optically active impurities may, especially in autocatalytic systems, cause considerable asymmetry effects. This exceptional case was demonstrated by Singleton and Vo... 

The use of Mo Ka radiation shifts all diffraction peaks to lower Bragg angles and therefore, asymmetry effects are more severe than in the previous example, where Cu Ka radiation was used. As a result, the order in which parameters were refined was changed to avoid potential least squares instability problems. When all parameters were refined in essentially the same approximation as in the previous example (see row 5 in Table 6.9), the resultant figures of merit were satisfactory, but a carefiil analysis of Figure 6.15 indicates that the selected peak shape function does not adequately describe the observed peak shapes at low Bragg angles. 

Another possible somce of non-QED corrections to the energy levels is the parity - conserving weak interaction between the electron and the nucleus. The estimates show that these corrections are too smeill to be considered seriously both in light and heavy atoms and in HCI [9], [16]. The parity non -conserving weak interaction can influence atomic transition probabilities. This leads to the observable asymmetry effects in radiation (see Chapter IV of this book). We should mention that QED effects appear to the observable also in molecules (see the recent publications [17], [18]). 

The asymmetry effects are covered by the pair-interaction D-tensor... 

If the solution of electrolyte is not infinitely dilute, the ion is retarded in its motion because of the electrical attraction between ions of opposite sign (asymmetry effect), and because the positive and negative ions are moving in opposite directions each carrying some solvent (electrophoretic effect). Both of these effects are intensified as the concentration of the electrolyte increases so that the retarding forces increase and the conductivity decreases. 

The final expression for A, which includes both the asymmetry effect and the electrophoretic effect, is (for uni-univalent electrolytes)... 

The concept of the ion atmosphere is further substantiated by the Wien effect and the Debye-Falkenhagen effect. In very high fields, > 10 V/m, an increase in conductivity is observed (Wien effect), resulting from the fact that a finite time (the relaxation time) is required for the atmosphere to form about an ion. In very high fields the ion moves so quickly that it effectively loses its atmosphere the atmosphere does not have time to form and so cannot slow the ion. The asymmetry effect disappears and the conductance increases. 

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