Astronomy and Earth Science

I. Bondar S. C. Myers and E. R. Engdahl Research Centre for Astronomy and Earth Sciences of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary... 

Department of Earth Science and Astronomy, University of Tokyo... 

Department of Earth Science and Astronomy, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 2 Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, Tokyo... 

Astronomy and chemistry are usually considered very different sciences, with very different historical paths. Whereas astronomy is observational and based on the exact laws of celestial dynamics, chemistry is the archetypical experimental science. Yet speculations about interconnections between the two fields can be found far back in time. To mention but one example, in his 1807 lectures on the history of chemistry, Hans Christian 0rsted prophesied that some day chemistry will have just as much influence on astronomy as mechanics so far. He added that Then it will be necessary to regard external motion as a product of internal forces, and all natural science will finally become a cosmogony. [4] 0rsted s prophecy eventually became reality, but the path followed from chemistry to astronomy took a different direction than imagined by the Danish scientist. To become useful in the science of the heavens, chemistry first had to prove its worth in the study of the earth. 

After the necessary excursion into astronomy, enough evidence now exists to repeat that chemistry occupies a central position in a self-similar chain between sub-atomic matter and super-galactic structures. By virtue of this unique position in the natural sciences chemical theory should represent the link between physics, biology and the earth sciences. However, compared to the fundamental theories of physics, chemistry has no credible independent theory of its own. 

Comptes Rendus Hebdomadaires des Seances de I Academie des Sciences [C. R. Hebd. Seances Acad. 5d.] (Vols. 1-261, 1835-1965). In 1966, divided into Series A Comptes Rendus des Seances de lAcademie des Sciences, Serie A [C. R. Seances Acad. ScL, Ser. A] (Vols. 262-291, 1966-1980) (mathematical sciences) Series B [C. R. Seances Acad. Sci., Ser. B] (Vols. 262-291, 1966-1980) (physical sciences) Series C [C. R. Seances Acad. Sci., Ser. C] (Vols. 262-291, 1966-1980) (chemical sciences) and Series D [C. R. Seances Acad. Sci., Ser. D] (Vols. 262-291, 1966-1980) (life sciences). Series B-D were superseded by Series 2 [C. R. Seances Acad. Sci., Ser. 2] (physics, chemistry, astronomy, earth, and planetary sciences formerly Series B -i- C) (Vols. 292-297, 1981-1983) and Series 3 [C. R. Seances Acad. Sci., Ser. 3] (life sciences formerly series D) (Vols. 292-297. 1981-1983). Series 2 was superseded by Comptes Rendus de I Academie des Sciences, Serie II Mecanique, Physique, Chimie, Sciences de la Terre et de TUnivers [C. R. Acad. Sci., Ser. II Mec., Phys., Chim., Sci. Terre Univers.] (Vols. 298-317,1984-1993). Series II was replaced, in part, by Series Ilb [C. R. Acad. Sci., Ser. Ilb Mec., Phys., Chim., Astron.] (Vols. 318-325, 1994-1997), and Series Ilb was superseded, in part, by Series lie [C. R. Acad. ScL, Ser. lie Chim] (Vols. 1-4, 1998-2001). Series lie was replaced by Comptes Rendus Chimie [C. R. Chim.] (Vol. 5- 2002-). Free online full-text archive 1835-1965 from Gallica (Bibliotheque nationale de France) http //gallica.bnf.fr/. Publisher French Academy of Sciences/Elsevier. 

GEOMANTIA - is a notable Art and Science of Earthly Things. It is also the manifestation of the stars of earth to men, whence they obtain a prophecy or presage. It is called also Astronomy of Earth, and is operated in two ways, either by astronomical calculations, or by spots. 

These models produced a zoned Earth with an early metallic core surrounded by silicate, without the need for a separate later stage of core formation. The application of condensation theory to the striking variations in the densities and compositions of the terrestrial planets, and how metal and silicate form in distinct reservoirs has been seen as problematic for some time. Heterogeneous accretion models require fast accretion and core formation if these processes reflect condensation in the nebula and such timescales can be tested with isotopic systems. The time-scales for planetary accretion now are known to be far too long for an origin by partial condensation from a hot nebular gas. Nevertheless, heterogeneous accretion models have become embedded in the textbooks in Earth sciences (e.g.. Brown and Mussett, 1981) and astronomy (e.g.. Seeds, 1996). 

The seven volumes of Twentieth-Century Science deal with the following core areas of science biology, chemistry. Earth science, marine science, physics, space and astronomy, and weather and climate. Each volume contains a glossary. Each chapter within each volume contains the following elements ... 

This marriage between Earth and heaven, made in human thought, was now consummated. From this moment, the science of the heavens would never cease to prosper. Physics had given astronomy a head and astronomy would give physics wings. 

My son, here you have the whole process of our work in your hands, without any disruption and without any superfluity and summarized by a competently written eloquence. Therefore, prepare your heart, that you may find favour in God s eyes. For it is a gift of God and it contains the secret of the indivisible unity of the Holy Trinity. O most precious of all sciences, you are the theatre of the whole nature and its anatomy, the earthly astronomy, the troth of God Almighty, the proof of the resurrection of the dead, the example of the remission of sinners, the unmistakeable proof of the future Last Judgement and the mirror of eternal bliss. Truly, no science is more exalted than this one for this one science contains all sciences, without being included in one of them itself. 

Space and astronomy is the oldest of all sciences. Long before humans understood the composition of rocks and minerals, knew how chemical reactions take place, or even discovered how their own bodies were constructed and operated, they knew of the existence of bodies beyond the Earth s atmosphere other planets, stars, and a variety of strange objects for which they had only simple explanations. The knowledge that early astronomers had of the skies was quite remarkable. They were able to predict the motion of stars, the arrival of seasons, the appearance of eclipses, and other astronomical phenomena with an accuracy that is quite astonishing to modern scientists. 

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