Assessments—Advantages and Disadvantages

Augustsson, A.K. and Rundgren, S. (1998) The enchytraeid Cognettia sphagnetorum in risk assessment advantages and disadvantages. Amhio, 27, 62-69. 

ABAQUS, description, 123 Accelerating-rate calorimetry advantages and disadvantages, 428-429 experimental procedure, 429-430 hazard evaluation on MDl, 43lr isothermal decomposition studies, 431-432,433/ use in assessment of hamrds of chemicals, 428... 

Abstract For most mammals, the ability to detect odours and discriminate between them is necessary for survival. Information regarding the availability of food, the presence of predators and the sex, age and dominance status of conspecifics is odour mediated. Probably because of this extraordinary reliance upon odour cues, mice and rats have developed the ability to learn and remember information associated with olfactory cues as effectively as primates recall visually related cues. As a result, these rodents have become the model of choice to study the neural and cognitive processes involved in olfactory discrimination. In this paper, we describe some of the more ethologically based tasks used in assessing olfactory discrimination and the advantages and disadvantages of the different methodologies employed. 

This section is devoted to the definition and comparison of the three nonrodent animal models (dog, ferret, and monkey) in terms of experimental procedures, environmental and dietary requirements, as well as advantages and disadvantages of use in safety assessment testing. 

Advantages and Disadvantages. Advantages of using monkeys in safety assessment studies include their phylogenetic proximity, as well as their physiological, behavioral, and, often, metabolic similarities, to humans (Table 16.13). An example is the similarity between the ovarian cycle of female monkeys and women (Mazue and Richez, 1982), which makes the monkey the ideal animal model for reproductive studies. Another advantage associated with most species of monkeys used in safety assessment studies is that they are much smaller than nonrodents such as the dog and, thus like the ferret, require less test compound. 

While there are advantages and disadvantages associated with all three nonrodent species, the dog is probably the nonrodent species most frequently used in safety assessment studies. This is because dogs are relatively docile and even tempered,... 

Several techniques, with intrinsic advantages and disadvantages, have been used to assess the release of neurotransmitters in response to uAChR activation, both in vitro and in vivo. These methods are briefly reviewed here for a more detailed comparison see Wonnacott et al. (2002). 

If a controlled environment is necessary for the desired experiment, it is useful to examine some of the techniques alternative to h.v.t., to estimate the level of impurities involved and to assess their advantages and disadvantages as compared to h.v.t. 

The decision information summary is the final module of a CTSA. It combines the results of the risk, competitiveness conservation data summary with the social benefits/costs assessment to identify the overall advantages and disadvantages of the baseline and the substitutes from both an individual business perspective and a societal perspective. 

Clauson-Kaas, J., Hoibye, L. and Jacobsen, B.N. (2008) Weighing environmental advantages and disadvantages of advanced wastewater treatment of micro-pollutants using environmental life cycle assessment. Water Sci. Technol., 57 (1), 27-32. 

In order to achieve the objectives stated above, the properties, advantages, and disadvantages of the basic packaging materials must be fully understood so that when assessing a specification (or writing one) the limitations of the materials themselves are well recognized. The properties of packaging materials must be understood in order to achieve a successful validation. 

One of the most important aspects of a kinetic study on soil constituents is the method one uses to measure rate coefficients and other kinetic parameters. At the outset, it should be realized that no kinetic method currently available is perfect. Each has its own advantages and disadvantages, and these must be assessed carefully before using. 

In a recent review article by Egan and Lauri (2002), many computational approaches available for the prediction of passive intestinal absorption are reviewed and assessed in terms of their relative advantages and disadvantages. Overall, lipophilicity, hydrophilicity, size, and charge are determined as being most significant in determining passive absorption. 

These diary studies may also include weighing of the food. The protocol period of these studies may vary from one day up to one week and may be repeated. All of these study designs have advantages and disadvantages, and their results have to be used according to the aim of the exposure assessment (e.g. whether a microbial outbreak or chronic exposure to heavy metals is being studied). ... 

A range of alternative methods exists at each tier, each with its own advantages and disadvantages. Although there is substantial experience with uncertainty analysis in some fields (e.g. climate change), it would be premature to make prescriptive recommendations on which methods to use in exposure assessment. For example, when discussing the use of probabilistic methods for microbial risk assessment, the former European Commission Scientific Steering Committee concluded that a quick harmonisation at the present state-of-... 

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