As energy resource

Several studies estimate the potential of available virgin and waste biomass as energy resources (Table 4) (10). In Table 4, the projected potential of the recoverable materials is about 25% of the theoretical maximum woody biomass is about 70% of the total recoverable potential. These estimates of biomass energy potential are based on existing, sustainable biomass production and do not iaclude new, dedicated biomass energy plantations that might be developed. 

Another factor is the potential economic benefit that may be realized due to possible future environmental regulations from utilizing both waste and virgin biomass as energy resources. Carbon taxes imposed on the use of fossil fuels in the United States to help reduce undesirable automobile and power plant emissions to the atmosphere would provide additional economic incentives to stimulate development of new biomass energy systems. Certain tax credits and subsidies are already available for commercial use of specific types of biomass energy systems (93). 

Much of the research on aquatic biomass species as energy resources in the United States has since been terminated or reduced in scope, but it continues in other countries with emphasis on the production of high value products rather than energy. 

The increasing amount of research in waste conversion has led to the development of additional sources of usable fuel. Because of their versatility, durability, and high efficiency, dual-fuel engines serve to maximize the value of these efforts. It may seem to be a contradiction in terms, but waste" and "garbage are now being looked upon as "energy resources",... 

Water Utilization Efficiency Water will quite definitely be a decisive limiting factor in the worldwide expansion of agriculture (9,54,57,58). It is therefore important that water utilization efficiency be considered in the future screening and development of herbaceous land plants as energy resources. Three factors must be assessed from the onset (a) Utilization efficiency in photosynthetic processes (b) water extracting capability from the candidate species natural terrain and (c), the specibs capacity for water conservation by anatomical means. 

Methylation of cassava starch was achieved by Hou et al. (2012). They used thiocarbamide as an active catalyst, incorporating dimethyl carbonate as a solvent and methylating reagent and applying microwave irradiation as energy resource. It can be performed efficiently to a high degree of substitution within 4 min. 

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