As aqueous solute

Essentially all formaldehyde is produced as aqueous solutions containing 25—56 wt % HCHO and 0.5—15 wt % CH OH. All information on capacity, demand, and prices is reported on a 37 wt % formaldehyde basis. 

The many advantageous properties of hydrazine ensure continued commercial utility. Hydrazine is available in anhydrous form as well as aqueous solutions, typically 35, 51.2, 54.4, and 64 wt % N2H4 (54.7, 80, 85, and 100% hydrazine hydrate). 

Reduction Products. Glyoxyhc acid [298-12 ], HOOCCHO, mol wt 74.04, is produced as aqueous solution by the electrolytic reduction of oxahc acid. It is used for the manufacture of vanillin. 

The methylamiaes and ethylamiae have vapor pressures above atmospheric at ambient temperatures and are available ia the pure form only ia pressurized containers. These amines are also sold as aqueous solutions with vapor pressures below atmospheric for ease of handling. Diethylamiae, triethylamiae, and all of the higher mol wt amines are sold as the pure compounds. 

Peracids are also available as aqueous solutions that contain the peracid in equihbrium with hydrogen peroxide and the parent acid. Peracetic acid [79-21-0] is commercially available as a 40% solution in dilute acetic acid. The water and dilution of the peracid make these solutions easier to handle than their sohd counterparts, but they still require careful handling and protection from heat. 

Synthesis of fluoride compounds is performed in various media, such as aqueous solutions, non-aqueous systems and heterogeneous interactions. 

It can be used in solutions of pure acetonitrile for azo coupling titrations because such solutions dot not decompose as rapidly as aqueous solutions, provided that they are kept in brown bottles and burettes. 

Most injections are formulated as aqueous solutions, with Water for Injections BP as the vehicle. The formulation of injections depends upon several factors, namely the aqueous solubility of the active ingredient, the dose to be employed, thermal stability of the solution, the route of injection and whether the product is to be prepared as a multidose one (i.e. with a dose or doses removed on different occasions) or in a singledose form (as the term suggests, only one dose is contained in the injection). Nowadays, most injections are prepared as single-dose forms and this is mandatory for certain routes, e.g. spinal injections such as the intrathecal route and large-volume intravenous infusions (section 2.2). Multidose injections may require the inclusion of a suitable... 

Thus, acids and bases are defined as aqueous solutions of substances and not as the substances themselves. It follows that ionization is a necessary characteristic of Arrhenius acids and bases. Another restriction of this definition is that acid-base behaviour is not recognized in non-aqueous solution. 

Acids and bases are almost always found as aqueous solutions— that is, dissolved in water. Solutions of both acids and bases are called electrolytes. Electrolytes conduct electricity, which is the movement of electrons or other charged particles. When an acid or a base is dissolved in water, they break down into their ions, which... 

Water-soluble polymers can also be used as aqueous solutions for drug delivery. Although the polymer is already dissolved, its increase in viscosity of the drug solution causes the drug to be retained somewhat longer in the desired application. This technique is common with ocular, nasal, and oral applications of drug solutions. 

The acids are frequently prepared only as aqueous solutions by acidifying a solution of a metal halate. The following reaction is useful because the other product, BaS04, is insoluble ... 

It is noteworthy that quick and effective formation of diaryl nitrones can be achieved through oxidation of diaryl imines with Oxone (potassium peroxy-monosulfate) in such media as aqueous solution of NaHCC>3 in acetonitrile or acetone. When oxidized under such conditions, dialkyl or monoaryl imines give oxaziridines (17). Oxidation of 3,4-dihydroisoquinoline (9) with Oxone initially leads to the formation of oxaziridine (10) which is easily transformed into the corresponding 3,4-dihydroisoquinoline A-oxide (11) upon treatment with catalytic amounts of p-toluenesulfonic acid (Scheme 2.4) (18). 

The specific rate is k = 5.2 1 iter/gmol-hr at 82 C. Equal molal quantities the reactants are to be used. They are supplied as aqueous solutions, bicarbonate as 15 wt% and the chlorhydrin as 30 wt%. Production of glycol to be 20 kg/hr at 95% conversion. Specific gravity of the feed mixture 1.02. Find the required reactor volumes of a PFR and of a CSTR. 

Dyes marketed as aqueous solutions or dispersions should exhibit the following characteristics [8,9] ... 

Disperse liquid brands of sulphur, vat or disperse dyes, including mixed formulations of disperse and vat dyes in matching hues for the dyeing of polyester/cellulosic blends, have been commercially available for many years. The proportion of reactive dyes marketed as aqueous solutions is expected to increase markedly [10] because of ... 

Diazotization can be carried out without difficulty in 90-96% sulfuric acid, however. Nitrous fumes are given off as soon as aqueous solutions of nitrite salts are added to sulfuric acid of lower concentration, but solid sodium nitrite can be dissolved in 90-96% sulfuric acid at 0-10 °C smoothly and without evolution of gas. Nitrosylsulfuric acid, NO+HS04-, is formed. Directions for the preparation of 2 M nitrosylsulfuric acid are given by Fierz-David and Blangey43, but sodium hydrogen sulfate crystallizes after some time from acid of this strength so that it is best to prepare a stock solution of 1 M sodium nitrite in 96% sulfuric acid, which is quite stable at room temperature. 

Table 2 summarizes some chemical and physical properties of the most frequently used organic solvents in inorganic electrochemistry. As aqueous solutions have only a limited use in inorganic electrochemistry they will not be considered herein. 

Physical Form. Yellow crystals available commercially as aqueous solutions (15-... 

The overall effective pathlength of a CIR cell is relatively short (ca. 10 pm) which has both advantages and disadvantages. The short pathlength means that spectra can be measured even on highly absorbing samples, such as aqueous solutions, or (as in the case of methanol carbonylation reactions) acetic acid-water mixtures. 

If the diffusion medium is isotropic in terms of diffusion, meaning that diffusion coefficient does not depend on direction in the medium, it is called diffusion in an isotropic medium. Otherwise, it is referred to as diffusion in an anisotropic medium. Isotropic diffusion medium includes gas, liquid (such as aqueous solution and silicate melts), glass, and crystalline phases with isometric symmetry (such as spinel and garnet). Anisotropic diffusion medium includes crystalline phases with lower than isometric symmetry. That is, most minerals are diffu-sionally anisotropic. An isotropic medium in terms of diffusion may not be an isotropic medium in terms of other properties. For example, cubic crystals are not isotropic in terms of elastic properties. The diffusion equations that have been presented so far (Equations 3-7 to 3-10) are all for isotropic diffusion medium. 

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