Oxygen carriers, artificial

Blood continuously delivers oxygen to and takes carbon dioxide away from all tissues and cells and is of the most essential importance for human lives. 

The use of blood products in medical practice often meets various difficulties, such as shortage of blood supply, blood type incompatibility, short preservation period, immunological responses and potential infections. An alternative to blood transfusion, based on oxygen-carrying solutions, has been sought for over a century and rapid progress has been made in this field. 

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Tsuchida, E., and Nishide, H. Hemoglobin Model — Artificial Oxygen Carrier Composed of Porphinatoiron Complexes. 132, 63-99 (1986). 

Liposome-Encapsulated Hemoglobin as an Artificial Oxygen Carrier... 

Sakai H, Masada Y, Takeoka S, et al. Characteristics of bovine hemoglobin as a potential source of hemoglobin-vesicles for an artificial oxygen carrier. J Bio-chem (Tokyo) 2002 131 611. 

Sakai H, Horinouchi H, Masada Y, et al. Metabolism of hemoglobin-vesicles (artificial oxygen carriers) and their influence on organ functions in a rat model. Biomaterials 2004 25 4317. 

Izumi Y, Sakai H, Kose T, et al. Evaluation of the capabilities of a hemoglobin vesicle as an artificial oxygen carrier in a rat exchange transfusion model. ASAIO J 1997 43 289. 

In this review, however, only recent studies of the reactions of macromolecule-metal complexes will be reviewed. There have been some exellent reviews recently on macromolecule-metal complexes regarding syntheses, formation, characterization and catalytic activities l solar energy conversion 2), artificial oxygen carriers 3), and electrode processes 4). Furthermore, the preprints of the 1st International Conference on Macromolecule-Metal Complexes Tokyo Seminar on Macromolecule-Metal Complexes were published in 19875). These reviews and the preprints give useful information about the recent development of the basic and applied chemistry of macromolecule-metal complexes. 

Hemoglobin Model — Artificial Oxygen Carrier Composed of Porphinatoiron Complexes... 

Lowe, K. C. (1999), Perfluorinated blood substitutes and artificial oxygen carriers, Blood Rev., 13,171-184. 

Spahn, D. R. (2000), Current status of artificial oxygen carriers, Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev., 40,143-151. 

As mentioned earlier the reversible oxygen binding is of fundamental interest in order to construct an artificial oxygen carrier (see Chap. 2.1.2). Results on half life time of few covalent and some coordinative porphyrins are summarized in Table 5. Generally, the polymer Fe(II)-porphyrins are more stable against irreversible oxidation than the low molecular porphyrins. The slow oxidation of polymer Fe(II)-porphyrins is partly inhibited by steric hindering groups at the porphyrin (polymer from 36) (Scheme 1 e — f — g). 

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