Artificial canopy

Figure 4.1 Vertical profiles of mean wind (top left), Reynolds stress (top right), streamwise velocity standard deviation (bottom left), and vertical velocity standard deviation (bottom right) within and above various plant and artificial canopies. Wind speed is normalized by its value at canopy top, other velocity statistics by the friction velocity, and height is normalized by canopy height. (From Kaimal and Finnigan,1994 [324]).

Chamberlain, 1966). The r+ profile for water vapour was obtained by measuring the rate of evaporation from the artificial grass, with the spills covered with wetted filter paper. In this case Xo was the saturation absolute humidity at the temperature of the spills, x(z) was measured, and Q was estimated by periodic weighings of sections of the canopy. The r+ profiles in Fig. 6.7 are the means of results obtained in a number of experiments at various w. ... 

Landscapes of our planet become more and more artificial today. Canopies of an artificial kind have replaced forests in some places. One of the examples gives a wind farm consisted of a cluster of wind turbines [168]. Each wind turbine takes out some momentum from the passing wind, thus causing a reduction in the wind speed at the... 

The expressions are functionally similar to those derived from under canopy flow. Artificial plastic trees were selected by Meroney [410] to reproduce the median behavior of measurements made about live trees (Colorado Blue Spruce, Juniper, Pine, and... 

Lenses for spectacles and optical equipment, contact lenses, aircraft windows, greenhouse windows, cockpit canopies, safety spectacles, information and advertising signs, food containers, aquaria, domestic and vehicle lighting, furniture, electrical components, artificial fingernails. 

---